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<p>Water pollution remains a significant global challenge in the <sup>twenty-first</sup> century, necessitating advanced and environmentally sound solutions to enhance water quality, safeguard human health, and preserve ecosystems. This study investigates the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles utilizing the husk of sorghum panicles, presenting an eco-friendly approach for the removal of dyes from wastewater. The synthesized biocomposites, designated as CABB Juicy, CABB Sweet, CABB Silage-1, and CABB Silage-2, were thoroughly characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to elucidate their morphological and structural properties. Batch biosorption experiments identified distinct optimum pH values for maximum biosorption capacity: pH 8 for CABB Juicy (37.928&#xa0;mg/g), pH 9 for CABB Sweet (32.7388&#xa0;mg/g), pH 10 for CABB Silage-1 (34.3064&#xa0;mg/g), and pH 10 for CABB Silage-2 (37.425&#xa0;mg/g). These results were achieved with a adsorbent dose of 0.05&#xa0;g and a reaction time of 45&#xa0;min. The initial dye concentrations yielding these capacities were 44.971&#xa0;mg/g for CABB Juicy, 53.775&#xa0;mg/g for CABB Sweet, 69.267&#xa0;mg/g for CABB Silage-1, and 75.79&#xa0;mg/g for CABB Silage-2, all at an optimum temperature of 35&#xa0;°C. The pseudo-first-order model provided the best fit for the experimental data, while the Langmuir isotherm model accurately described the equilibrium biosorption behavior of the biocomposites. Thermodynamic studies indicated an exothermic nature of the biosorption process. Furthermore, the research explored the impact of various electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O, and AlCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) at molar concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5&#xa0;M, and the influence of heavy metal ions (chromium and lead) at concentrations of 50–250&#xa0;ppm, on the removal efficiency of blue 41 dye. This study underscores the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs biocomposites from sorghum panicle husk as effective and sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment.</p>

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Green Synthesis of a ZnO@Sorghum Nano-Bioadsorbent for Enhanced Dye Wastewater Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Muhammad Arslan Khalil,
  • Bushra Sadia,
  • Saima Noreen,
  • Faisal Saeed Awan,
  • Azeem Iqbal Khan,
  • Muhammad Asif,
  • Bilal Ahmad

摘要

Water pollution remains a significant global challenge in the twenty-first century, necessitating advanced and environmentally sound solutions to enhance water quality, safeguard human health, and preserve ecosystems. This study investigates the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles utilizing the husk of sorghum panicles, presenting an eco-friendly approach for the removal of dyes from wastewater. The synthesized biocomposites, designated as CABB Juicy, CABB Sweet, CABB Silage-1, and CABB Silage-2, were thoroughly characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to elucidate their morphological and structural properties. Batch biosorption experiments identified distinct optimum pH values for maximum biosorption capacity: pH 8 for CABB Juicy (37.928 mg/g), pH 9 for CABB Sweet (32.7388 mg/g), pH 10 for CABB Silage-1 (34.3064 mg/g), and pH 10 for CABB Silage-2 (37.425 mg/g). These results were achieved with a adsorbent dose of 0.05 g and a reaction time of 45 min. The initial dye concentrations yielding these capacities were 44.971 mg/g for CABB Juicy, 53.775 mg/g for CABB Sweet, 69.267 mg/g for CABB Silage-1, and 75.79 mg/g for CABB Silage-2, all at an optimum temperature of 35 °C. The pseudo-first-order model provided the best fit for the experimental data, while the Langmuir isotherm model accurately described the equilibrium biosorption behavior of the biocomposites. Thermodynamic studies indicated an exothermic nature of the biosorption process. Furthermore, the research explored the impact of various electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl2·2H2O, and AlCl3·6H2O) at molar concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 M, and the influence of heavy metal ions (chromium and lead) at concentrations of 50–250 ppm, on the removal efficiency of blue 41 dye. This study underscores the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs biocomposites from sorghum panicle husk as effective and sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment.