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<p>Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based colorimetric sensors are ideal for on-site Cr(Ⅲ) detection owing to simplicity and rapid response. Herein, AuNPs were functionalized with thioglycolic acid (TGA), mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) to construct Cr(Ⅲ)-targeted sensors, then characterized via UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Their Cr(Ⅲ) detection performance was systematically evaluated and compared. Results indicated that the molecular structure of the ligand significantly impacts sensor system stability, sensitivity and selectivity. Under optimal conditions, MSA-AuNPs achieved the widest linear range and lowest limit of detection, while GSH-AuNPs displayed excellent stability and selectivity. Spike recovery experiments in tap water, drinking water, and groundwater samples yielded satisfactory recoveries ranging from 97.0% to 108.3%, verifying the applicability of the sensors to real samples. A smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection method was further established to validate the convenience and accuracy of the sensors in practical applications. Molecular docking simulations revealed that –COOH groups play a pivotal role in mediating the binding interaction between Cr(Ⅲ) and the functionalized AuNPs, with MSA-AuNPs exhibiting the lowest binding energy of –38.24&#xa0;kcal/mol. This work presents an efficient, low-cost, and on-site colorimetric sensing strategy for the rapid detection of Cr(Ⅲ) in real environmental water samples.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Performance Comparison and Mechanistic Study of Thiol Ligand-functionalized AuNPs for Colorimetric Sensing of Cr(Ⅲ)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Lu Zhang,
  • Shiqian Li,
  • Lian Zhong,
  • Jin Li

摘要

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based colorimetric sensors are ideal for on-site Cr(Ⅲ) detection owing to simplicity and rapid response. Herein, AuNPs were functionalized with thioglycolic acid (TGA), mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) to construct Cr(Ⅲ)-targeted sensors, then characterized via UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Their Cr(Ⅲ) detection performance was systematically evaluated and compared. Results indicated that the molecular structure of the ligand significantly impacts sensor system stability, sensitivity and selectivity. Under optimal conditions, MSA-AuNPs achieved the widest linear range and lowest limit of detection, while GSH-AuNPs displayed excellent stability and selectivity. Spike recovery experiments in tap water, drinking water, and groundwater samples yielded satisfactory recoveries ranging from 97.0% to 108.3%, verifying the applicability of the sensors to real samples. A smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection method was further established to validate the convenience and accuracy of the sensors in practical applications. Molecular docking simulations revealed that –COOH groups play a pivotal role in mediating the binding interaction between Cr(Ⅲ) and the functionalized AuNPs, with MSA-AuNPs exhibiting the lowest binding energy of –38.24 kcal/mol. This work presents an efficient, low-cost, and on-site colorimetric sensing strategy for the rapid detection of Cr(Ⅲ) in real environmental water samples.

Graphical Abstract