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<p>Conductive materials (CMs) have been employed in anaerobic digestion (AD) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) wastewater. However, research on different CMs facilitate the degradation of VFAs, as well as their impact on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains limited. In this study, biochar (BC), zero-valent iron (ZVI), and iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) were added to intensify the AD of SMX pharmaceutical wastewater. The results demonstrated that CMs enhanced the transformation of valeric acid to acetic acid, with Fe-BC (10&#xa0;g/L) showing the most pronounced effect. In the Fe-BC group, the relative abundances of <i>Geobacter</i> and <i>Methanobacterium</i> were 4.31% and 17.32%, respectively, compared to 0% and 8.09% in the control group. The Fe-BC group exhibited a 73.6% higher SMX removal efficiency compared to the control, primarily due to the enrichment of SMX-degrading strains, including <i>AUTHM297</i> (10.67%) and <i>Desulfovibrio</i> (3.46%). Additionally, Fe-BC reduced the propagation and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), achieving removal efficiencies of 55.27%, 64.89%, and 53.98% for <i>Intl1</i>, <i>Sul1</i>, and <i>Sul2</i>, respectively. These findings confirm that the addition of Fe-BC, can effectively address VFAs accumulation in high-concentration SMX wastewater, enabling efficient and environmentally friendly treatment.</p>

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Anaerobic Digestion of Sulfamethoxazole Pharmaceutical Wastewater Boosted by Conductive Materials: Focus on Efficiency and Microbial Synergies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Xi Long,
  • Baowen Zhang,
  • Chuanlin Cai,
  • Wanying Li,
  • Jialin Huang,
  • Yanxiang Liang,
  • Bin Kuang,
  • Tao Wang

摘要

Conductive materials (CMs) have been employed in anaerobic digestion (AD) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) wastewater. However, research on different CMs facilitate the degradation of VFAs, as well as their impact on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains limited. In this study, biochar (BC), zero-valent iron (ZVI), and iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) were added to intensify the AD of SMX pharmaceutical wastewater. The results demonstrated that CMs enhanced the transformation of valeric acid to acetic acid, with Fe-BC (10 g/L) showing the most pronounced effect. In the Fe-BC group, the relative abundances of Geobacter and Methanobacterium were 4.31% and 17.32%, respectively, compared to 0% and 8.09% in the control group. The Fe-BC group exhibited a 73.6% higher SMX removal efficiency compared to the control, primarily due to the enrichment of SMX-degrading strains, including AUTHM297 (10.67%) and Desulfovibrio (3.46%). Additionally, Fe-BC reduced the propagation and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), achieving removal efficiencies of 55.27%, 64.89%, and 53.98% for Intl1, Sul1, and Sul2, respectively. These findings confirm that the addition of Fe-BC, can effectively address VFAs accumulation in high-concentration SMX wastewater, enabling efficient and environmentally friendly treatment.