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<p>Urbanization has severely degraded agricultural soils along major riverbanks due to pollution by heavy metals, compaction, nutrient imbalances, and the loss of organic matter. This study evaluates biochar (BC) derived from urban biowaste materials as a sustainable amendment to restore the fertility of the Yamuna riverbank soil. BC, derived from sugarcane bagasse (SB), brinjal stem (BS), and citrus peel (CP) produced by muffle furnace (mf) and drum kiln (kl) through pyrolysis at 600&#xa0;°C, on Yamuna River soil at 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% rates to understand the nitrogen immobilization and enzyme activities. The muffle furnace (mf) method and higher application rates significantly enhanced soil nutrient dynamics, with brinjal stem biochar (BC<sub>BS</sub>) achieving maximum inorganic nitrogen retention (54.8%). Soil enzyme activities for β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase increased by up to 478% and 2088%, respectively, while BC<sub>BS</sub> specifically enhanced urease by 196.7%. Although dehydrogenase activity spiked by 365% at lower doses, it stabilized later, suggesting microbial adaptation during the 45-day incubation. These improvements were primarily driven by high surface area (BSmf, 360.91 m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>) and cation exchange capacity (CPkl, 209.35&#xa0;meq&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), which controlled both nutrient retention and microbial stimulation. These complex interactions were further validated by Pearson correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which confirmed strong synergistic relationships between soil physicochemical properties and biological enzyme responses. Ultimately, BC<sub>mf</sub> showed substantial improvements over BC<sub>kl</sub>, highlighting that biochar derived from urban biowaste, especially brinjal stems, effectively enhances soil enzyme activity and nitrogen mineralization, offering a viable strategy for rehabilitating degraded urban agricultural soils.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of Biochar Derived from Urban Biowastes on Nitrogen Mineralization and Enzyme Activities of Agricultural Soil Along the Yamuna River, Delhi, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Hina Chaudhary,
  • J. Dinakaran,
  • Prem Lal Uniyal,
  • Kottapalli Sreenivasa Rao

摘要

Urbanization has severely degraded agricultural soils along major riverbanks due to pollution by heavy metals, compaction, nutrient imbalances, and the loss of organic matter. This study evaluates biochar (BC) derived from urban biowaste materials as a sustainable amendment to restore the fertility of the Yamuna riverbank soil. BC, derived from sugarcane bagasse (SB), brinjal stem (BS), and citrus peel (CP) produced by muffle furnace (mf) and drum kiln (kl) through pyrolysis at 600 °C, on Yamuna River soil at 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% rates to understand the nitrogen immobilization and enzyme activities. The muffle furnace (mf) method and higher application rates significantly enhanced soil nutrient dynamics, with brinjal stem biochar (BCBS) achieving maximum inorganic nitrogen retention (54.8%). Soil enzyme activities for β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase increased by up to 478% and 2088%, respectively, while BCBS specifically enhanced urease by 196.7%. Although dehydrogenase activity spiked by 365% at lower doses, it stabilized later, suggesting microbial adaptation during the 45-day incubation. These improvements were primarily driven by high surface area (BSmf, 360.91 m2 g⁻1) and cation exchange capacity (CPkl, 209.35 meq kg⁻1), which controlled both nutrient retention and microbial stimulation. These complex interactions were further validated by Pearson correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which confirmed strong synergistic relationships between soil physicochemical properties and biological enzyme responses. Ultimately, BCmf showed substantial improvements over BCkl, highlighting that biochar derived from urban biowaste, especially brinjal stems, effectively enhances soil enzyme activity and nitrogen mineralization, offering a viable strategy for rehabilitating degraded urban agricultural soils.

Graphical Abstract