<p>Heavy metal (HM) toxicity is a major concern in aquaculture due to bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicological nature of these pollutants. These substances enter the aquatic environment and pose a serious threat to species. Although traditional remediation methods are used to eliminate HMs, they have significant drawbacks, including low processing speed, operational challenges, high costs associated with nanoparticle production, and regulatory issues. To address these limitations, nano-bioremediation – the integration of nanoparticles with bioremediation – has emerged as a rapid, sustainable, and eco-friendly solution that mitigates HM effects. Nano-bioremediation enhances the effectiveness of HM removal by harnessing the combined properties of nanoparticles and microorganisms, reducing ecological concerns and economic costs. Furthermore, nano-bioremediation improves contaminant degradation, increases stability, and lessens environmental and aquaculture impacts. Biogenic nanoparticles are preferred due to their large-scale synthesis, scalability, rapid production, eco-friendliness, and absence of harmful contaminants. Overall, this review critically compares conventional techniques with nano-bioremediation, highlighting its advantages, applications, significance, and optimisation of nano-microbe interactions for the future.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>