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<p>A total of 100 groundwater samples collected during the pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons of 2019 were analyzed to evaluate hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality in the southwestern part of Y.S.R. Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Groundwater is predominantly alkaline and hard in nature. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the drinking water limit (45&#xa0;mg/L) in 42% of samples during both seasons, while fluoride exceeded permissible limits in 32% (PRM) and 26% (POM) of samples. Hydrochemical facies are dominated by Ca–HCO<sub>₃</sub> (32% PRM; 38% POM) and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl (26% PRM; 28% POM) types, indicating progressive geochemical evolution. Gibbs plot analysis indicates rock dominance as the primary controlling mechanism. Correlation analysis reveals a strong positive association between Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺ and NO₃⁻ (r = 0.81 PRM; r = 0.76 POM) and between EC and TDS (r = 0.91 PRM; r = 0.78 POM). Factor analysis extracted five principal components explaining 74.54% (PRM) and 71.33% (POM) of the total variance, reflecting combined geogenic and anthropogenic influences. The statistical results indicate significant nitrate and fluoride contamination, rendering a substantial portion of groundwater unsuitable for drinking. Water Quality Index (WQI) results indicate that 26% (PRM) and 22% (POM) of samples fall under poor to very poor categories, whereas Total Hazard Index (THI) values exceed unity in 38% of locations, particularly affecting children and infants. Geospatial mapping using IDW interpolation delineates distinct contamination hotspots associated with agricultural zones and structurally controlled lithological units. Overall, groundwater quality is predominantly governed by agro-geogenic processes with localized anthropogenic and minor mining impacts. The combined geogenic and anthropogenic impacts render a considerable portion of groundwater unsuitable for direct drinking purposes, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and targeted management strategies.</p>

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Seasonal Hydrogeochemical and Geospatial Assessment of Agro-Geogenic Groundwater Contamination in Mining-Influenced Terrain, SW Y.S.R. Kadapa District, A.P., India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Y. Sudharshan Reddy,
  • V. Sunitha,
  • B. Suvarna,
  • M. Prasad,
  • G. Chennakesava Reddy

摘要

A total of 100 groundwater samples collected during the pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons of 2019 were analyzed to evaluate hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality in the southwestern part of Y.S.R. Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Groundwater is predominantly alkaline and hard in nature. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the drinking water limit (45 mg/L) in 42% of samples during both seasons, while fluoride exceeded permissible limits in 32% (PRM) and 26% (POM) of samples. Hydrochemical facies are dominated by Ca–HCO₃ (32% PRM; 38% POM) and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl (26% PRM; 28% POM) types, indicating progressive geochemical evolution. Gibbs plot analysis indicates rock dominance as the primary controlling mechanism. Correlation analysis reveals a strong positive association between Mg2⁺ and NO₃⁻ (r = 0.81 PRM; r = 0.76 POM) and between EC and TDS (r = 0.91 PRM; r = 0.78 POM). Factor analysis extracted five principal components explaining 74.54% (PRM) and 71.33% (POM) of the total variance, reflecting combined geogenic and anthropogenic influences. The statistical results indicate significant nitrate and fluoride contamination, rendering a substantial portion of groundwater unsuitable for drinking. Water Quality Index (WQI) results indicate that 26% (PRM) and 22% (POM) of samples fall under poor to very poor categories, whereas Total Hazard Index (THI) values exceed unity in 38% of locations, particularly affecting children and infants. Geospatial mapping using IDW interpolation delineates distinct contamination hotspots associated with agricultural zones and structurally controlled lithological units. Overall, groundwater quality is predominantly governed by agro-geogenic processes with localized anthropogenic and minor mining impacts. The combined geogenic and anthropogenic impacts render a considerable portion of groundwater unsuitable for direct drinking purposes, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and targeted management strategies.