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<p>Sulfur-autotrophic denitrification (SAD) is an effective strategy for nitrogen removal from low-carbon, high-nitrogen industrial wastewater, and its performance is highly dependent on the compatibility between wastewater characteristics and sulfur-based carrier structures. In this study, two structurally distinct sulfur-based carriers were applied in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor to systematically evaluate their effects on microbial spatial organization and denitrification performance under leather wastewater and starch wastewater conditions. The results demonstrated that wastewater characteristics predominantly determined carrier functionality. In starch wastewater with high biodegradability, carriers featuring multi-pore structures and high specific surface areas promoted dense biofilm formation and strong microbial co-localization, achieving a maximum total nitrogen removal efficiency of 83.2% at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4&#xa0;h. In contrast, for leather wastewater containing inhibitory components such as sulfides and chromium, ordered mesoporous carriers enhanced microbial viability and system stability, and a complementary carrier configuration (A: B = 1:1) increased total nitrogen removal to 42.4% at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4&#xa0;h. A consistent trade-off between denitrification efficiency and intensity was observed: longer HRT enhanced removal efficiency, while shorter HRT significantly boosted treatment capacity (up to 189.3&#xa0;g N·kg⁻<sup>1</sup>·d⁻<sup>1</sup>). Microbial activity and spatial analyses further revealed that sulfur-based carriers suggested a potential shift in microbial spatial organization, from highly cooperative to more spatially segregated arrangements by shaping microbial spatial organization. These findings suggest a strong regulatory coupling among carrier structure, microbial spatial organization, and SAD performance. Based on these observations, we propose a conceptual model where carrier properties dictate microbial spatial strategies (cooperative vs. defensive). This work provides a correlative framework for carrier design and process optimization for carrier design and process optimization for diverse industrial wastewaters.</p>

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Regulatory Mechanisms of Sulfur Autotrophic Filler in Optimizing Microbial Distribution and Denitrification Performance in Starch-Leather Wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Rui Fang,
  • Huixue Ren,
  • Ronghan Zhang,
  • Siyu Diao,
  • Yao Man,
  • Haiyang Zhang,
  • Weichun Liang,
  • Chen Wei

摘要

Sulfur-autotrophic denitrification (SAD) is an effective strategy for nitrogen removal from low-carbon, high-nitrogen industrial wastewater, and its performance is highly dependent on the compatibility between wastewater characteristics and sulfur-based carrier structures. In this study, two structurally distinct sulfur-based carriers were applied in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor to systematically evaluate their effects on microbial spatial organization and denitrification performance under leather wastewater and starch wastewater conditions. The results demonstrated that wastewater characteristics predominantly determined carrier functionality. In starch wastewater with high biodegradability, carriers featuring multi-pore structures and high specific surface areas promoted dense biofilm formation and strong microbial co-localization, achieving a maximum total nitrogen removal efficiency of 83.2% at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h. In contrast, for leather wastewater containing inhibitory components such as sulfides and chromium, ordered mesoporous carriers enhanced microbial viability and system stability, and a complementary carrier configuration (A: B = 1:1) increased total nitrogen removal to 42.4% at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h. A consistent trade-off between denitrification efficiency and intensity was observed: longer HRT enhanced removal efficiency, while shorter HRT significantly boosted treatment capacity (up to 189.3 g N·kg⁻1·d⁻1). Microbial activity and spatial analyses further revealed that sulfur-based carriers suggested a potential shift in microbial spatial organization, from highly cooperative to more spatially segregated arrangements by shaping microbial spatial organization. These findings suggest a strong regulatory coupling among carrier structure, microbial spatial organization, and SAD performance. Based on these observations, we propose a conceptual model where carrier properties dictate microbial spatial strategies (cooperative vs. defensive). This work provides a correlative framework for carrier design and process optimization for carrier design and process optimization for diverse industrial wastewaters.