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<p>The presence of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern of food-chain contamination. Phosphorus (P) application ensures sustainable crop yield and may effectively minimize Cd toxicity in plants. The current pot experiment aimed to evaluate the efficacy of P fertilization in mitigating Cd toxicity in maize grown in two Cd-contaminated soils with different land-use backgrounds in a completely randomized design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement with two soil types, two Cd levels (0 and 20&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), and five P treatments including control, di-ammonium phosphate and phosphoric acid (PA) at 40 and 80&#xa0;mg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP-40 and DAP-80, PA-40 and PA-80). Cd toxicity markedly impaired physiological attributes, chlorophyll contents (chl), and mineral uptake, resulting in a significant decrease in root biomass by 40%, plant biomass by 16%, and grain yield by 13%. P application markedly improved growth and yield, especially under PA-80, with the highest increase in photosynthesis (<i>A</i><sub><i>n</i></sub>) by 27%, chl by 11%, root N by 26%, and shoot N by 28%, respectively. Cd contents in roots, shoots, and grains were markedly decreased by P treatments, with PA outperforming DAP in decreasing root Cd uptake by 23% and grain Cd by 20% compared to DAP treatments. The overall plant performance was better in soil 2 compared to soil 1. Results inferred that PA fertilization effectively minimizes Cd toxicity by optimizing physiological adjustments, mineral acquisition, and yield while decreasing Cd accumulation in maize.</p> Graphical Abstract <p><b>Environmental Implications</b></p> <p>Phosphorus (P) application, particularly phosphoric acid (PA), shows significant potential in minimizing cadmium (Cd) toxicity in maize. P application helps lower the environmental risk associated with Cd contamination in agricultural soils, by reducing Cd uptake into plant tissues. The study highlights that higher P application rates reduce Cd accumulation in various plant parts of maize including grains. The grain concentration under current investigation remains above the threshold limits (0.2&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>) which indicates that P management alone is not sufficient to mitigate grain Cd toxicity. However, these findings provide a way-forward for enhancing soil management practices in Cd-contaminated regions and contributing to sustainable and environmentally safe agricultural practices.</p> <p></p>

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Phosphoric Acid Outperforms Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) in Cadmium Toxicity Alleviation by Decreasing Bioavailability and Optimizing Maize Physiology in Contaminated Alkaline Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Nadeem Sarwar,
  • Mujahid,
  • Muhammad Akhtar,
  • Imtiaz Ahmed,
  • Wajid Mahboob,
  • Muhammad Imran Tipu,
  • Muhammad Rashid Shaheen,
  • Mashael Daghash Alqahtani,
  • Usman Zulfiqar

摘要

The presence of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern of food-chain contamination. Phosphorus (P) application ensures sustainable crop yield and may effectively minimize Cd toxicity in plants. The current pot experiment aimed to evaluate the efficacy of P fertilization in mitigating Cd toxicity in maize grown in two Cd-contaminated soils with different land-use backgrounds in a completely randomized design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement with two soil types, two Cd levels (0 and 20 mg kg⁻1), and five P treatments including control, di-ammonium phosphate and phosphoric acid (PA) at 40 and 80 mg P2O5 kg−1 (DAP-40 and DAP-80, PA-40 and PA-80). Cd toxicity markedly impaired physiological attributes, chlorophyll contents (chl), and mineral uptake, resulting in a significant decrease in root biomass by 40%, plant biomass by 16%, and grain yield by 13%. P application markedly improved growth and yield, especially under PA-80, with the highest increase in photosynthesis (An) by 27%, chl by 11%, root N by 26%, and shoot N by 28%, respectively. Cd contents in roots, shoots, and grains were markedly decreased by P treatments, with PA outperforming DAP in decreasing root Cd uptake by 23% and grain Cd by 20% compared to DAP treatments. The overall plant performance was better in soil 2 compared to soil 1. Results inferred that PA fertilization effectively minimizes Cd toxicity by optimizing physiological adjustments, mineral acquisition, and yield while decreasing Cd accumulation in maize.

Graphical Abstract

Environmental Implications

Phosphorus (P) application, particularly phosphoric acid (PA), shows significant potential in minimizing cadmium (Cd) toxicity in maize. P application helps lower the environmental risk associated with Cd contamination in agricultural soils, by reducing Cd uptake into plant tissues. The study highlights that higher P application rates reduce Cd accumulation in various plant parts of maize including grains. The grain concentration under current investigation remains above the threshold limits (0.2 mg kg−1) which indicates that P management alone is not sufficient to mitigate grain Cd toxicity. However, these findings provide a way-forward for enhancing soil management practices in Cd-contaminated regions and contributing to sustainable and environmentally safe agricultural practices.