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<p>Air pollution from particulate matter remains a major environmental and public health challenge in rapidly urbanizing cities of developing countries. The Air Quality Index (AQI) provides an important framework for interpreting particulate pollution levels and their potential health implications. This study evaluated the concentrations, elemental composition, and potential sources of ambient PM₁₀ in Abeokuta metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Ambient PM₁₀ samples were collected at six representative locations between January and July 2020, covering both dry (January–February) and wet seasons (July–August), using high-volume air samplers. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine PM₁₀ mass concentrations, while elemental composition was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average PM₁₀ concentrations were 521,500&#xa0;ng&#xa0;m⁻<sup>3</sup> during the dry season and 244300&#xa0;ng&#xa0;m⁻<sup>3</sup> during the wet season, greatly exceeding the World Health Organization guideline value of 45000&#xa0;ng&#xa0;m⁻<sup>3</sup>. In dry season, the calculated AQI values ranged from unhealthy to hazardous across most monitoring sites. Elemental analysis revealed elevated concentrations of crustal elements (Ca, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, and K) as well as toxic trace metals such as Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modelling identified four major source categories contributing to PM₁₀ pollution: industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, traffic-related emissions, and resuspended road dust. The health risk assessment of metals in PM<sub>10</sub> showed that while most individual metals had hazard quotient values below safety limits, the cumulative hazard index exceeded acceptable thresholds in both seasons. Total carcinogenic risk also exceeded safety levels, particularly due to chromium in the wet season. The findings highlight the severe air quality conditions in Abeokuta and emphasize the urgent need for effective air pollution management strategies in rapidly developing Nigerian cities.</p>

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Elemental Profiles and Receptor Modelling of Ambient PM10 in Abeokuta Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Noah A. Adedokun,
  • Adewale M. Taiwo,
  • Temilade F. Akinhanmi,
  • Laoye O. Oyediran,
  • Toyin A. Arowolo

摘要

Air pollution from particulate matter remains a major environmental and public health challenge in rapidly urbanizing cities of developing countries. The Air Quality Index (AQI) provides an important framework for interpreting particulate pollution levels and their potential health implications. This study evaluated the concentrations, elemental composition, and potential sources of ambient PM₁₀ in Abeokuta metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Ambient PM₁₀ samples were collected at six representative locations between January and July 2020, covering both dry (January–February) and wet seasons (July–August), using high-volume air samplers. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine PM₁₀ mass concentrations, while elemental composition was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average PM₁₀ concentrations were 521,500 ng m⁻3 during the dry season and 244300 ng m⁻3 during the wet season, greatly exceeding the World Health Organization guideline value of 45000 ng m⁻3. In dry season, the calculated AQI values ranged from unhealthy to hazardous across most monitoring sites. Elemental analysis revealed elevated concentrations of crustal elements (Ca, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, and K) as well as toxic trace metals such as Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modelling identified four major source categories contributing to PM₁₀ pollution: industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, traffic-related emissions, and resuspended road dust. The health risk assessment of metals in PM10 showed that while most individual metals had hazard quotient values below safety limits, the cumulative hazard index exceeded acceptable thresholds in both seasons. Total carcinogenic risk also exceeded safety levels, particularly due to chromium in the wet season. The findings highlight the severe air quality conditions in Abeokuta and emphasize the urgent need for effective air pollution management strategies in rapidly developing Nigerian cities.