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<p>The Jhelum River Basin in the Kashmir Himalaya is facing mounting pressure on surface water quality due to land-use changes and increased catchment activities. This study examines the spatio-temporal hydrochemical variations in two principal tributaries of the Jhelum River—Lidder and Vishav—which significantly influence basin hydrology via glacier- and spring-fed flows. From December 2023 to December 2024, six sites (three per tributary) were sampled seasonally using the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Parameters analysed included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, major ions, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus species), and iron. Results indicate clear seasonal trends: nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are significantly higher during summer and autumn, while total hardness and iron are higher during winter low-flow conditions. Spatially, downstream sites (L2–L3 and V2–V3) exhibited higher nutrient and ionic concentrations compared to upstream reference sites, reflecting cumulative catchment influences such as agriculture and localized settlements. Multivariate analyses (PCA, cluster analysis, and LDA) identified three hydrochemical regimes corresponding to upstream, midstream, and downstream conditions. The findings highlight pronounced spatio-temporal variability in stream hydrochemistry and provide site-specific evidence relevant for nutrient management and water-quality monitoring within the Jhelum River Basin.</p>

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Spatio-Temporal Variations in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Lidder and Vishav Tributaries within the Jhelum River Basin, Kashmir Himalaya

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Sayar Yaseen,
  • Monowar Alam Khalid,
  • U. R. Zargar

摘要

The Jhelum River Basin in the Kashmir Himalaya is facing mounting pressure on surface water quality due to land-use changes and increased catchment activities. This study examines the spatio-temporal hydrochemical variations in two principal tributaries of the Jhelum River—Lidder and Vishav—which significantly influence basin hydrology via glacier- and spring-fed flows. From December 2023 to December 2024, six sites (three per tributary) were sampled seasonally using the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Parameters analysed included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, major ions, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus species), and iron. Results indicate clear seasonal trends: nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are significantly higher during summer and autumn, while total hardness and iron are higher during winter low-flow conditions. Spatially, downstream sites (L2–L3 and V2–V3) exhibited higher nutrient and ionic concentrations compared to upstream reference sites, reflecting cumulative catchment influences such as agriculture and localized settlements. Multivariate analyses (PCA, cluster analysis, and LDA) identified three hydrochemical regimes corresponding to upstream, midstream, and downstream conditions. The findings highlight pronounced spatio-temporal variability in stream hydrochemistry and provide site-specific evidence relevant for nutrient management and water-quality monitoring within the Jhelum River Basin.