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<p>Water scarcity intensifies challenges to safe sanitation and public health.This study develops a sanitation-safety diagnostic framework integrated with an optimization model to identify cost-effective intervention portfolios that mitigate health risks across the sanitation value chain while addressing water supply–demand gaps through resource recovery and demand management. Building on the World Health Organization (WHO) Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) approach, the framework quantifies hazard exposure consequence relationships using linear risk functions linked to actionable controls, including leakage reduction, fecal sludge management upgrades, effluent reuse, and co-digestion.The integrated SSP and Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI) methodology was applied at Cairo’s Balaqs Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) to diagnose hazards and assess reuse potential. A Risk Quality Matrix mapped 14 hazards to WWQI parameters to prioritize interventions.Diagnostics identified secondary treatment as the critical weakness, with removal efficiencies for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ranging from 75.3–85.6%, 81.1–85.8%, and 78.6–84.9%, respectively, yielding a low baseline Sanitation Sustainability Index (SSI) of 0.36.Scenario optimization selected aeration system upgrades and enhanced sludge drying as the most cost-effective portfolio, increasing WWQI scores by 35%, raising SSI from 0.36 to 0.46, and reducing health risks by 68%.Sensitivity analysis confirms robust performance under varying receiving water quality assumptions and highlights the amplifying effect of reclaimed water uptake and non-revenue water reduction on water scarcity mitigation and health outcomes.The framework operationalizes WHO safety guidelines within Egypt’s 2050 Water Strategy and provides a replicable utility-level tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).</p>

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Integrating Sanitation Safety Planning with a Wastewater Quality Index for Optimized Wastewater Reuse: A Case Study of Balaqs WWTP, Egypt

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Mohamed E. M. Mahmoud,
  • Mahmoud A. S. Mehany,
  • E. A. Mohamed,
  • F. M. Mohamed

摘要

Water scarcity intensifies challenges to safe sanitation and public health.This study develops a sanitation-safety diagnostic framework integrated with an optimization model to identify cost-effective intervention portfolios that mitigate health risks across the sanitation value chain while addressing water supply–demand gaps through resource recovery and demand management. Building on the World Health Organization (WHO) Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) approach, the framework quantifies hazard exposure consequence relationships using linear risk functions linked to actionable controls, including leakage reduction, fecal sludge management upgrades, effluent reuse, and co-digestion.The integrated SSP and Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI) methodology was applied at Cairo’s Balaqs Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) to diagnose hazards and assess reuse potential. A Risk Quality Matrix mapped 14 hazards to WWQI parameters to prioritize interventions.Diagnostics identified secondary treatment as the critical weakness, with removal efficiencies for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ranging from 75.3–85.6%, 81.1–85.8%, and 78.6–84.9%, respectively, yielding a low baseline Sanitation Sustainability Index (SSI) of 0.36.Scenario optimization selected aeration system upgrades and enhanced sludge drying as the most cost-effective portfolio, increasing WWQI scores by 35%, raising SSI from 0.36 to 0.46, and reducing health risks by 68%.Sensitivity analysis confirms robust performance under varying receiving water quality assumptions and highlights the amplifying effect of reclaimed water uptake and non-revenue water reduction on water scarcity mitigation and health outcomes.The framework operationalizes WHO safety guidelines within Egypt’s 2050 Water Strategy and provides a replicable utility-level tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).