<p>In the present era, environmental sustainability has become a critical global concern with the increased contamination issues of natural ecosystems raised by pharmaceutical pollutants. Antibiotics continue to accumulate in soils and bodies of water due to uncontrolled discharge from pharmaceutical enterprises, hospitals, agricultural runoff, and home sources. The antibiotic contamination not only disturbs microbial ecosystems and imbalances ecological equilibrium also it hastens the spread of antimicrobial resistance posing a significant threat to global public health. Microbial bioremediation has emerged as a potential, environmentally acceptable, and cost-effective method of reducing antibiotic contamination. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, have different enzymatic systems capable of degrading a wide range of antibiotic compounds via oxidation, hydrolysis, and ring-cleavage processes. This review discusses the environmental behavior and fate of antibiotics. The biochemical and metabolic pathways have been taken up in detail in their microbial breakdown and the major enzymatic players that allow these changes. We are also covering the issues associated with how environmental variables affect degradation efficiency and the development of potentially hazardous intermediates. Recent advancements in molecular biology and omics technologies, including metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have greatly improved our understanding of microbial populations, degradation genes, and resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the compatibility of microbial bioremediation with various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those concerning clean water, health, and responsible consumption.</p>