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<p>Chemical fertilizers and biochar are widely studied for their potential to enhance soil fertility and plant growth, yet their effects on the soil microbiome, particularly in rice agroecosystems, remain underexplored. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with four treatments: Control (CK), nitrogen (N), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), and biochar (BCR), to assess their impact on soil microbial diversity and nutrient cycling. This study examined the individual effects of biochar and fertilizers on soil microbial composition and metabolic functions. The results revealed that biochar treatment (BCR) significantly affected the microbial community, enhancing the phyla <i>Pseudomonadota</i>, <i>Bacteroidota</i>, and <i>Acidobacteriota</i>. Fertilizer treatments (N and NPK) enriched microbial taxa associated with nutrient cycling, including <i>Pseudomonadota</i> and <i>Sphingomonas</i>, but reduced overall microbial diversity. Metabolomic profiling showed that biochar increased nitrogen fixation and phosphorus cycling, while NPK fertilizers enhanced organic carbon degradation. Metabolites like <i>20-Deoxyingenol</i> and <i>2'-Deoxymugineic acid</i> were abundant in NPK and N treatments, indicating metabolic reprogramming. Conversely, biochar fostered metabolites linked to nitrogen metabolism, promoting soil health. Heavy metal analysis revealed that biochar reduced the bioavailability of mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni), with concentrations of Hg at 0.54 mg/kg in biochar-treated soils, compared to lower values in other treatments (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Functional prediction indicated biochar's role in increasing microbial functional diversity, while NPK fertilizers enhanced functional abundance in carbon and nitrogen metabolism but reduced microbial community stability. These findings suggest that biochar and fertilizers have complementary but distinct effects on microbial diversity, with biochar promoting stability and nutrient cycling, and fertilizers enhancing metabolic functions for improved rice growth</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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The Role of Biochar in Boosting Soil Microbial Diversity, Metabolic Activity, and Heavy Metal Retention in Rice Agroecosystems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Ihsan ud din,
  • Liangfang Ma,
  • Xiyu Tan,
  • Yihang Chen,
  • Qihua Liang,
  • Muhammad Afzal,
  • Zhiyuan Tan

摘要

Chemical fertilizers and biochar are widely studied for their potential to enhance soil fertility and plant growth, yet their effects on the soil microbiome, particularly in rice agroecosystems, remain underexplored. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with four treatments: Control (CK), nitrogen (N), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), and biochar (BCR), to assess their impact on soil microbial diversity and nutrient cycling. This study examined the individual effects of biochar and fertilizers on soil microbial composition and metabolic functions. The results revealed that biochar treatment (BCR) significantly affected the microbial community, enhancing the phyla Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota. Fertilizer treatments (N and NPK) enriched microbial taxa associated with nutrient cycling, including Pseudomonadota and Sphingomonas, but reduced overall microbial diversity. Metabolomic profiling showed that biochar increased nitrogen fixation and phosphorus cycling, while NPK fertilizers enhanced organic carbon degradation. Metabolites like 20-Deoxyingenol and 2'-Deoxymugineic acid were abundant in NPK and N treatments, indicating metabolic reprogramming. Conversely, biochar fostered metabolites linked to nitrogen metabolism, promoting soil health. Heavy metal analysis revealed that biochar reduced the bioavailability of mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni), with concentrations of Hg at 0.54 mg/kg in biochar-treated soils, compared to lower values in other treatments (p < 0.05). Functional prediction indicated biochar's role in increasing microbial functional diversity, while NPK fertilizers enhanced functional abundance in carbon and nitrogen metabolism but reduced microbial community stability. These findings suggest that biochar and fertilizers have complementary but distinct effects on microbial diversity, with biochar promoting stability and nutrient cycling, and fertilizers enhancing metabolic functions for improved rice growth

Graphical Abstract