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<p><i>Sargassum natans</i>, an invasive marine biomass causing environmental challenges, was valorized as raw biomass (BM), biochar (BC), and chitosan-reinforced beads prepared from BM or BC (BM/Chi and BC/Chi) for Cr(VI) removal from water. BC production was evaluated using alkaline and acid activation while varying pyrolysis time, temperature (T), particle size (D), and heating rate (Hr). Alkaline activation produced BC with low specific surface areas (&lt; 27 m<sup>2</sup>/g), whereas acid activation achieved a markedly higher surface area of 918.5 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Acid-activated BC showed superior adsorption performance, reaching an adsorption capacity of 20.48&#xa0;mg/g and a Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 91.13%, compared to 14.63&#xa0;mg/g and 63.33% for alkali-activated BC. Increasing T from 300 to 600&#xa0;°C enhanced Cr(VI) removal from 62.05% to 91.13%, while reducing D from 0.250 to 0.149&#xa0;mm increased removal from 86.30% to 91.13%; in contrast, increasing Hr from 5 to 100&#xa0;°C/min reduced adsorption. pH control significantly improved Cr(VI) removal for alkali-activated BC (from 9.75% to 63.33%), while acid-activated BC under controlled pH conditions did not significantly affect Cr(VI) removal. The real-time adsorption kinetics analysis of the beads showed that Cr(VI) adsorption followed both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, depending on adsorbent and composition. Adsorption–desorption studies confirmed that BM/Chi (20/80) beads exhibited superior regeneration and reusability, with desorption efficiencies of 99.21% and 77.70% over two cycles. Overall, BM/Chi beads demonstrate enhanced adsorption performance, stability, and regeneration potential, highlighting a sustainable strategy for converting invasive biomass into effective water treatment materials.</p>

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Eco-Friendly Beads from Sargassum Biomass and Biochar Reinforced with Chitosan for Removing Cr(VI) from Water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • María Guadalupe Flores-Martínez,
  • José Francisco Louvier-Hernández,
  • Rosalba Patiño-Herrera,
  • Teresa del Carmen Flores Flores

摘要

Sargassum natans, an invasive marine biomass causing environmental challenges, was valorized as raw biomass (BM), biochar (BC), and chitosan-reinforced beads prepared from BM or BC (BM/Chi and BC/Chi) for Cr(VI) removal from water. BC production was evaluated using alkaline and acid activation while varying pyrolysis time, temperature (T), particle size (D), and heating rate (Hr). Alkaline activation produced BC with low specific surface areas (< 27 m2/g), whereas acid activation achieved a markedly higher surface area of 918.5 m2/g. Acid-activated BC showed superior adsorption performance, reaching an adsorption capacity of 20.48 mg/g and a Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 91.13%, compared to 14.63 mg/g and 63.33% for alkali-activated BC. Increasing T from 300 to 600 °C enhanced Cr(VI) removal from 62.05% to 91.13%, while reducing D from 0.250 to 0.149 mm increased removal from 86.30% to 91.13%; in contrast, increasing Hr from 5 to 100 °C/min reduced adsorption. pH control significantly improved Cr(VI) removal for alkali-activated BC (from 9.75% to 63.33%), while acid-activated BC under controlled pH conditions did not significantly affect Cr(VI) removal. The real-time adsorption kinetics analysis of the beads showed that Cr(VI) adsorption followed both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, depending on adsorbent and composition. Adsorption–desorption studies confirmed that BM/Chi (20/80) beads exhibited superior regeneration and reusability, with desorption efficiencies of 99.21% and 77.70% over two cycles. Overall, BM/Chi beads demonstrate enhanced adsorption performance, stability, and regeneration potential, highlighting a sustainable strategy for converting invasive biomass into effective water treatment materials.