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<p>Strontium-doped zinc oxide (Sr-ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized via a low-temperature co-precipitation route and investigated as efficient sunlight-driven photocatalysts for methylene blue (MB) degradation. Structural, morphological, optical, and surface properties were systematically characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, band-edge calculations, and zeta potential analysis. XRD results confirmed phase-pure hexagonal wurtzite ZnO with successful Sr<sup>2</sup>⁺ incorporation, accompanied by lattice expansion and crystallite growth. Among the investigated compositions, Sr-ZnO with 10 at.&#xa0; % Sr exhibited optimal performance, showing pronounced bandgap narrowing to 2.99 eV and the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 99.08% within 70 min under natural sunlight. Kinetic analysis revealed an apparent rate constant of 0.0617 min⁻<sup>1</sup>, significantly exceeding that of undoped ZnO. Mechanistic investigations, supported by scavenger experiments and band-edge alignment, demonstrated that MB degradation proceeds predominantly through a photoreduction pathway mediated by superoxide radicals (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({O}_{2}^{-}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>•). The catalyst displayed excellent durability, retaining more than 98% degradation efficiency over eight consecutive reuse cycles. These findings establish a clear structure–property–mechanism relationship for Sr-ZnO and highlight its potential as a cost-effective and stable photocatalyst for solar-driven wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimized Bandgap Tuning in Sr-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cationic Dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Taha M. Elmorsi,
  • Mostafa H. Mohamed,
  • Yasser M. Riyad,
  • Hassan M. Abdelbary

摘要

Strontium-doped zinc oxide (Sr-ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized via a low-temperature co-precipitation route and investigated as efficient sunlight-driven photocatalysts for methylene blue (MB) degradation. Structural, morphological, optical, and surface properties were systematically characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, band-edge calculations, and zeta potential analysis. XRD results confirmed phase-pure hexagonal wurtzite ZnO with successful Sr2⁺ incorporation, accompanied by lattice expansion and crystallite growth. Among the investigated compositions, Sr-ZnO with 10 at.  % Sr exhibited optimal performance, showing pronounced bandgap narrowing to 2.99 eV and the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 99.08% within 70 min under natural sunlight. Kinetic analysis revealed an apparent rate constant of 0.0617 min⁻1, significantly exceeding that of undoped ZnO. Mechanistic investigations, supported by scavenger experiments and band-edge alignment, demonstrated that MB degradation proceeds predominantly through a photoreduction pathway mediated by superoxide radicals ( \({O}_{2}^{-}\) O 2 - •). The catalyst displayed excellent durability, retaining more than 98% degradation efficiency over eight consecutive reuse cycles. These findings establish a clear structure–property–mechanism relationship for Sr-ZnO and highlight its potential as a cost-effective and stable photocatalyst for solar-driven wastewater treatment.

Graphical Abstract