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<p>Tetracycline (TC), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, represents a significant threat to both ecological and public health due to its persistent environmental presence. The iron–nitrogen doping modification of biochar enhances its capacity for antibiotic adsorption. This study utilised high-nitrogen tofukasu as the raw material, employing simultaneous modification with urea and FeSO₄·7H₂O. Through pyrolytic activation, a micropore-dominated biochar (Fe@BC-N) with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (pyridinic N, graphitic N) was obtained. The adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir monolayer model. Thermodynamic analysis confirms that it is a spontaneous endothermic reaction, occurring in two stages: adsorption-phase diffusion and pore mass transfer. Iron–nitrogen doping is crucial for enhancing tetracycline adsorption performance in biochar by providing π electron clouds and lone pair electrons that improve chemical bonding. The formation of a tricoordinate structure between Fe(III) and the O atoms of surface -COO- and TC serves as the core driving force for adsorption, thereby increasing the tetracycline adsorption capacity of Fe@BC-N. Its maximum adsorption capacity reaches 44.84&#xa0;mg·g-1, significantly surpassing that of conventional biochar. Most interfering ions (SO₄<sup>2</sup>⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, C₂O₄<sup>2</sup>⁻, and humic acid (HA)) have minimal effect on the adsorption of tetracycline by Fe@BC-N. Fe@BC-N biochar can be reused at least four times without a significant decrease in adsorption capacity. Therefore, Fe@BC-N represents a cost-effective adsorbent with promising prospects for its application in the remediation of tetracycline contamination in aquatic environments.</p>

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Design of Fe(III)/Nitrogen-Enriched Biochar from tofukasu: Enhanced Adsorption and Mechanistic Understanding of Tetracycline Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Haohao Jiang,
  • Weiyang Bai,
  • Rui Liu

摘要

Tetracycline (TC), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, represents a significant threat to both ecological and public health due to its persistent environmental presence. The iron–nitrogen doping modification of biochar enhances its capacity for antibiotic adsorption. This study utilised high-nitrogen tofukasu as the raw material, employing simultaneous modification with urea and FeSO₄·7H₂O. Through pyrolytic activation, a micropore-dominated biochar (Fe@BC-N) with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (pyridinic N, graphitic N) was obtained. The adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir monolayer model. Thermodynamic analysis confirms that it is a spontaneous endothermic reaction, occurring in two stages: adsorption-phase diffusion and pore mass transfer. Iron–nitrogen doping is crucial for enhancing tetracycline adsorption performance in biochar by providing π electron clouds and lone pair electrons that improve chemical bonding. The formation of a tricoordinate structure between Fe(III) and the O atoms of surface -COO- and TC serves as the core driving force for adsorption, thereby increasing the tetracycline adsorption capacity of Fe@BC-N. Its maximum adsorption capacity reaches 44.84 mg·g-1, significantly surpassing that of conventional biochar. Most interfering ions (SO₄2⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, C₂O₄2⁻, and humic acid (HA)) have minimal effect on the adsorption of tetracycline by Fe@BC-N. Fe@BC-N biochar can be reused at least four times without a significant decrease in adsorption capacity. Therefore, Fe@BC-N represents a cost-effective adsorbent with promising prospects for its application in the remediation of tetracycline contamination in aquatic environments.