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<p>This study investigates, the photocatalytic potential of hydrothermally synthesised magnesium borate hydrate (Admontite, MgO·3B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O) for the removal of Congo Red (CR), a persistent azo dye, from aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. The photocatalyst was synthesised via a simplified hydrothermal route and comprehensively characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses, confirming the formation of a single-phase admontite structure with submicron, multi-angular morphology. The effects of photocatalyst dosage, irradiation time, and initial dye concentration on CR removal efficiency were systematically evaluated using a Box–Behnken response surface methodology. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the reduced quadratic model described the experimental data (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9985, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). The maximum CR removal efficiency of 58.74% was achieved under optimal conditions of 0.10&#xa0;g photocatalyst dosage, 60&#xa0;min irradiation time, and 50&#xa0;ppm initial dye concentration. Radical scavenging experiments revealed that superoxide radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>·) played a dominant role in the photodegradation mechanism. These findings highlight magnesium borate hydrate as a cost-effective, environmentally benign, and structurally stable photocatalyst, offering a promising alternative for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.</p>

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Congo Red Photodegradation using Magnesium Borate under UV Irradiation and Modelling by the Box Behnken Method

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Busranur Ak,
  • Enis Muhammet Gul,
  • Fatma Tugce Senberber-Dumanli,
  • Azmi Seyhun Kipcak,
  • Emek Moroydor Derun

摘要

This study investigates, the photocatalytic potential of hydrothermally synthesised magnesium borate hydrate (Admontite, MgO·3B2O3·7H2O) for the removal of Congo Red (CR), a persistent azo dye, from aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. The photocatalyst was synthesised via a simplified hydrothermal route and comprehensively characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses, confirming the formation of a single-phase admontite structure with submicron, multi-angular morphology. The effects of photocatalyst dosage, irradiation time, and initial dye concentration on CR removal efficiency were systematically evaluated using a Box–Behnken response surface methodology. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the reduced quadratic model described the experimental data (R2 = 0.9985, p < 0.0001). The maximum CR removal efficiency of 58.74% was achieved under optimal conditions of 0.10 g photocatalyst dosage, 60 min irradiation time, and 50 ppm initial dye concentration. Radical scavenging experiments revealed that superoxide radicals (O2−·) played a dominant role in the photodegradation mechanism. These findings highlight magnesium borate hydrate as a cost-effective, environmentally benign, and structurally stable photocatalyst, offering a promising alternative for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.