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<p>The parboiling process of paddy in rice mills generates wastewater characterized by a high organic load rich in lignin and phenolic compounds. Untreated discharge of this rice mill wastewater (RMW) can cause severe deterioration of soil and water quality. In this pioneering study, a nature-based treatment technology was developed and optimized for the effective remediation of RMW. An integrated constructed wetland (CW) and vermifiltration system was designed to address the limitations of CWs, such as low hydraulic capacity and high land requirement, as well as the decline in earthworm activity in vermifilters (VFs) under high organic loads. Process optimization was performed using response surface methodology with a central composite design, considering influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), CW length, and influent phenol concentration as the independent input variables. A quadratic polynomial model with high predictive accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9884) was developed to characterize the COD removal efficiency. The model predicted an optimum COD removal of 95% (desirability = 0.949) at 2000&#xa0;mg/L influent COD, 50&#xa0;cm CW length, and 10&#xa0;mg/L influent phenol, within the tested range. Experimental validation confirmed an overall COD removal efficiency of 94% under these conditions. Under the optimized conditions, the CW, VF1, and VF2 exhibited COD removal efficiencies of 87%, 43%, and 27%, respectively. Validation with both real and synthetic RMW presented &lt; 5% deviation between predicted and observed values, underscoring the robustness of the model. The integrated CW and vermifiltration system demonstrated a statistically optimized and sustainable approach for high-strength agro-industrial RMW treatment.</p>

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Harnessing Worm-Wetland Synergy: An Eco-Innovative System for Rice Mill Wastewater Treatment under Organic and Phenolic Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Sudeep Kumar Mishra,
  • Puspendu Bhunia,
  • Arindam Sarkar

摘要

The parboiling process of paddy in rice mills generates wastewater characterized by a high organic load rich in lignin and phenolic compounds. Untreated discharge of this rice mill wastewater (RMW) can cause severe deterioration of soil and water quality. In this pioneering study, a nature-based treatment technology was developed and optimized for the effective remediation of RMW. An integrated constructed wetland (CW) and vermifiltration system was designed to address the limitations of CWs, such as low hydraulic capacity and high land requirement, as well as the decline in earthworm activity in vermifilters (VFs) under high organic loads. Process optimization was performed using response surface methodology with a central composite design, considering influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), CW length, and influent phenol concentration as the independent input variables. A quadratic polynomial model with high predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.9884) was developed to characterize the COD removal efficiency. The model predicted an optimum COD removal of 95% (desirability = 0.949) at 2000 mg/L influent COD, 50 cm CW length, and 10 mg/L influent phenol, within the tested range. Experimental validation confirmed an overall COD removal efficiency of 94% under these conditions. Under the optimized conditions, the CW, VF1, and VF2 exhibited COD removal efficiencies of 87%, 43%, and 27%, respectively. Validation with both real and synthetic RMW presented < 5% deviation between predicted and observed values, underscoring the robustness of the model. The integrated CW and vermifiltration system demonstrated a statistically optimized and sustainable approach for high-strength agro-industrial RMW treatment.