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<p>Chromium is one of the most prevalent heavy metal pollutants in industrial effluents, posing serious environmental and public health risks in developing countries such as Pakistan. This study investigated the bioremediation potential of chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from tannery wastewater. Out of 17 bacterial isolates, two strains were selected based on their high tolerance to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] at concentrations up to 600&#xa0;mg/L. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization identified these isolates as <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> HA-1 (PQ394706.1) and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> HA-3 (PQ394712.1). The presence of the chromate reductase gene (<i>ChrR</i>), confirmed through PCR amplification and sequencing, indicated a genetic basis for chromium resistance. The remediation efficiency of the selected strains was evaluated in LB broth supplemented with varying Cr(VI) concentrations using the diphenylcarbazide method. Both strains demonstrated significant Cr(VI) reduction, with <i>Bacillus cereus</i> HA-3 achieving up to 96% detoxification at 100&#xa0;mg/L. Furthermore, structural and functional analysis of the chromate reductase protein encoded by the <i>ChrR</i> gene of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> HA-3 revealed conserved domains, stable tertiary structure, and active-site architecture consistent with enzymatic chromium reduction. Protein modeling and validation supported its functional homology with previously reported chromate reductases, suggesting an efficient electron-transfer mechanism involved in Cr(VI) detoxification. This study provides novel insights by combining experimental bioremediation data with detailed molecular and structural characterization of chromate reductase, highlighting <i>Bacillus cereus</i> HA-3 as a promising candidate for eco-friendly chromium bioremediation strategies in tannery-contaminated environments.</p>

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Harnessing Chromium-Resistant Bacteria from Tannery Wastewater: Innovative In Vitro and In Silico Strategies for Bioremediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Hiba Ashfaq,
  • Aatif Amin,
  • Mohsin Tassawar Cheema,
  • Muhammad Nouman Majeed

摘要

Chromium is one of the most prevalent heavy metal pollutants in industrial effluents, posing serious environmental and public health risks in developing countries such as Pakistan. This study investigated the bioremediation potential of chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from tannery wastewater. Out of 17 bacterial isolates, two strains were selected based on their high tolerance to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] at concentrations up to 600 mg/L. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization identified these isolates as Enterobacter cloacae HA-1 (PQ394706.1) and Bacillus cereus HA-3 (PQ394712.1). The presence of the chromate reductase gene (ChrR), confirmed through PCR amplification and sequencing, indicated a genetic basis for chromium resistance. The remediation efficiency of the selected strains was evaluated in LB broth supplemented with varying Cr(VI) concentrations using the diphenylcarbazide method. Both strains demonstrated significant Cr(VI) reduction, with Bacillus cereus HA-3 achieving up to 96% detoxification at 100 mg/L. Furthermore, structural and functional analysis of the chromate reductase protein encoded by the ChrR gene of Bacillus cereus HA-3 revealed conserved domains, stable tertiary structure, and active-site architecture consistent with enzymatic chromium reduction. Protein modeling and validation supported its functional homology with previously reported chromate reductases, suggesting an efficient electron-transfer mechanism involved in Cr(VI) detoxification. This study provides novel insights by combining experimental bioremediation data with detailed molecular and structural characterization of chromate reductase, highlighting Bacillus cereus HA-3 as a promising candidate for eco-friendly chromium bioremediation strategies in tannery-contaminated environments.