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<p>Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial by-product generated during the wet process of phosphoric acid production. Currently, nearly 100 million tons of PG is produced in China annually. To prevent the main pollutants in PG, namely phosphorus and fluorine, from being leached into the soil by rainfall, this study explored the use of industrial waste carbide slag, a calcium-rich material, to immobilize these elements in the PG and soil. The results showed that the concentration of available phosphorus decreased with increasing PG particle size, while that of fluorine followed a parabolic trend, peaking at a particle size of 0.125&#xa0;mm. The stabilization efficiency for both phosphorus and fluorine increased with the proportions of carbide slag. At a CS-to- PG ratio of 1:50, the leaching concentration of F in the PG was reduced by 87.4% at 15&#xa0;°C and 98.2% at 25&#xa0;°C. In soil column leaching experiments, under simulated rainfall conditions, a higher dosage of carbide slag (1:25) significantly reduced the leaching of water-soluble fluorine, total fluorine, water soluble phosphorus, and total phosphorus from soil affected by PG stacking—by 98.9%, 60.7%, 67.4%, and 20.9%, respectively, compared to the treatment with PG but without carbide slag. Although PG alone increased soil conductivity and lowered soil pH, the addition of carbide slag effectively neutralized acidity, stabilized soil pH, and reduced conductivity through immobilization of soluble ions. These results indicate that carbide slag is an effective and low-cost amendment for immobilizing phosphorus and fluorine and mitigating their environmental risks in PG.</p>

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Carbide Slag as Stabilizing Agent in Stabilizing Phosphorus and Fluorine in Phosphogypsum and Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Jingyu Zhong,
  • Yixiao Gao,
  • Chundan Gan,
  • Jinyan Yang

摘要

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial by-product generated during the wet process of phosphoric acid production. Currently, nearly 100 million tons of PG is produced in China annually. To prevent the main pollutants in PG, namely phosphorus and fluorine, from being leached into the soil by rainfall, this study explored the use of industrial waste carbide slag, a calcium-rich material, to immobilize these elements in the PG and soil. The results showed that the concentration of available phosphorus decreased with increasing PG particle size, while that of fluorine followed a parabolic trend, peaking at a particle size of 0.125 mm. The stabilization efficiency for both phosphorus and fluorine increased with the proportions of carbide slag. At a CS-to- PG ratio of 1:50, the leaching concentration of F in the PG was reduced by 87.4% at 15 °C and 98.2% at 25 °C. In soil column leaching experiments, under simulated rainfall conditions, a higher dosage of carbide slag (1:25) significantly reduced the leaching of water-soluble fluorine, total fluorine, water soluble phosphorus, and total phosphorus from soil affected by PG stacking—by 98.9%, 60.7%, 67.4%, and 20.9%, respectively, compared to the treatment with PG but without carbide slag. Although PG alone increased soil conductivity and lowered soil pH, the addition of carbide slag effectively neutralized acidity, stabilized soil pH, and reduced conductivity through immobilization of soluble ions. These results indicate that carbide slag is an effective and low-cost amendment for immobilizing phosphorus and fluorine and mitigating their environmental risks in PG.