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<p>The incineration process is characteristic of reduction, resource utilization, and detoxification. However, the presence of heavy metals is one of the limiting factors for its incineration and utilization. This study used the municipal sludge (MS) from a sewage treatment plant in Tianjin as an example and employed FactSage thermodynamic simulation software to analyze the effects of sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl) and its own mineral elements on the migration and transformation of heavy metals (lead [Pb], cadmium [Cd], arsenic [As], and copper [Cu]) under different incineration temperatures (200&#xa0;°C–1400&#xa0;°C). Thermodynamic calculations revealed a competitive relationship between heavy metal sulfates and chlorides over the temperature range. When both S and Cl were present, Cl reduced the temperature range of PbSO<sub>4</sub>(s) by converting it to PbCl<sub>2</sub>(g) at 600&#xa0;°C–820&#xa0;°C, thus promoting Pb transfer to the flue gas. CdCl<sub>2</sub>(s) could displace CdSO<sub>4</sub>(s) at temperatures below 280&#xa0;°C. Above 780&#xa0;°C, Cd volatilization became highly temperature-dependent, and Cd was emitted into flue gas in monomeric form. S and Cl had minimal effects on the migration and transformation of As, which was predominantly immobilized by the presence of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Above 600&#xa0;°C, Cl promoted the volatilization of Cu as CuCl(g). These results can help predict the migration and transformation behavior of heavy metals during sludge incineration and provide theoretical guidance for emission control and utilization of heavy metals.</p>

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Thermodynamic Simulation of Heavy-Metal Transformation During Municipal Sludge Incineration Process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Junping Meng,
  • Junwei Shen,
  • Chandrasekar Srinivasakannan,
  • Jinsheng Liang,
  • Xinhui Duan

摘要

The incineration process is characteristic of reduction, resource utilization, and detoxification. However, the presence of heavy metals is one of the limiting factors for its incineration and utilization. This study used the municipal sludge (MS) from a sewage treatment plant in Tianjin as an example and employed FactSage thermodynamic simulation software to analyze the effects of sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl) and its own mineral elements on the migration and transformation of heavy metals (lead [Pb], cadmium [Cd], arsenic [As], and copper [Cu]) under different incineration temperatures (200 °C–1400 °C). Thermodynamic calculations revealed a competitive relationship between heavy metal sulfates and chlorides over the temperature range. When both S and Cl were present, Cl reduced the temperature range of PbSO4(s) by converting it to PbCl2(g) at 600 °C–820 °C, thus promoting Pb transfer to the flue gas. CdCl2(s) could displace CdSO4(s) at temperatures below 280 °C. Above 780 °C, Cd volatilization became highly temperature-dependent, and Cd was emitted into flue gas in monomeric form. S and Cl had minimal effects on the migration and transformation of As, which was predominantly immobilized by the presence of Al2O3. Above 600 °C, Cl promoted the volatilization of Cu as CuCl(g). These results can help predict the migration and transformation behavior of heavy metals during sludge incineration and provide theoretical guidance for emission control and utilization of heavy metals.