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<p>This study investigates the valorization of hydrochar generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of butia endocarp, an agro-industrial residue, as a precursor for activated carbon (AC) applied to the removal of the emerging contaminants paracetamol and 2,4-D from aqueous solutions. The hydrochar was activated with H₃PO₄ and subjected to pyrolysis, resulting in an AC with a predominantly mesoporous structure, amorphous character, high surface area (S<sub>BET</sub> = 1045 m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>), and a total pore volume of 0.139 cm<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>. Kinetic studies indicated rapid adsorption, with the General Order model providing the best fit, revealing distinct adsorption mechanisms for the contaminants. Paracetamol exhibited more complex kinetics (n ≈ 4.8), whereas 2,4-D showed behavior close to first-order kinetics (n ≈ 1). Equilibrium data were well described by the Sips isotherm, resulting in maximum adsorption capacities of 99.5&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> for paracetamol and 116.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> for 2,4-D under optimized conditions (pH 2 for paracetamol, natural pH for 2,4-D, adsorbent dosage of 1.5&#xa0;g L⁻<sup>1</sup>, initial concentration of 200&#xa0;mg L⁻<sup>1</sup>, contact time of 3&#xa0;h, and 55&#xa0;°C). Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that adsorption is spontaneous (ΔG° &lt; 0) and endothermic (ΔH° &gt; 0), being favored by increased entropy (ΔS° &gt; 0). The adsorbent exhibited high removal efficiency (&gt; 90%) over a range of concentrations, good reusability, and satisfactory performance in a multicomponent effluent. These results indicate that AC derived from agro-industrial residues represents a sustainable and effective alternative for treating effluents containing emerging contaminants.</p>

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Valorization of Butia Endocarp via Hydrothermal Liquefaction: A Novel Activated Carbon for Emerging Contaminant Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Nathália Favarin Silva,
  • Izabella Lazzeri Machado,
  • Edson Luiz Foletto,
  • Ederson Abaide,
  • Flávio Dias Mayer,
  • Guilherme Luiz Dotto,
  • Evandro Stoffels Mallmann

摘要

This study investigates the valorization of hydrochar generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of butia endocarp, an agro-industrial residue, as a precursor for activated carbon (AC) applied to the removal of the emerging contaminants paracetamol and 2,4-D from aqueous solutions. The hydrochar was activated with H₃PO₄ and subjected to pyrolysis, resulting in an AC with a predominantly mesoporous structure, amorphous character, high surface area (SBET = 1045 m2 g⁻1), and a total pore volume of 0.139 cm3 g⁻1. Kinetic studies indicated rapid adsorption, with the General Order model providing the best fit, revealing distinct adsorption mechanisms for the contaminants. Paracetamol exhibited more complex kinetics (n ≈ 4.8), whereas 2,4-D showed behavior close to first-order kinetics (n ≈ 1). Equilibrium data were well described by the Sips isotherm, resulting in maximum adsorption capacities of 99.5 mg g⁻1 for paracetamol and 116.0 mg g⁻1 for 2,4-D under optimized conditions (pH 2 for paracetamol, natural pH for 2,4-D, adsorbent dosage of 1.5 g L⁻1, initial concentration of 200 mg L⁻1, contact time of 3 h, and 55 °C). Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that adsorption is spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and endothermic (ΔH° > 0), being favored by increased entropy (ΔS° > 0). The adsorbent exhibited high removal efficiency (> 90%) over a range of concentrations, good reusability, and satisfactory performance in a multicomponent effluent. These results indicate that AC derived from agro-industrial residues represents a sustainable and effective alternative for treating effluents containing emerging contaminants.