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<p>In this work, Iron Tungstate (FeWO<sub>4</sub>) immobilized with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite at different weight mixing ratios has been synthesized, characterized and employed as nanoadsorbent, photocatalyst and photo-Fenton-like agent for the removal of selected heavy metals and water indicator parameters in hospital wastewater. The FeWO<sub>4</sub> nanoparticle was synthesized via sol–gel method using sodium tungstate and iron sulphate. The rGO nanoparticle was synthesized via chemical vapour method while the nanocomposite was synthesis via one pot impregnation method. The findings indicated that iron tungstate-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (FeWO<sub>4</sub>/rGO) with weight mixing ratio (2:1) demonstrated the excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic (sunlight radiation) activities for the removal of selected heavy metals and water indicator parameters respectively. Characterization results revealed that immobilization of rGO onto FeWO<sub>4</sub> nanoparticle influenced the band gap, crystalline size surface area, and not phase change. The maximum removal efficiency of the specified heavy metal ions are as follows: lead (70.04%), cadmium (80.95%), copper (89.92%), nickel (90.47%), and chromium (98.22%) at the adsorbent dose of 0.1&#xa0;g, contact time of 120&#xa0;min, and a stirring speed of 200 revolutions per minute. The adsorption data adheres strictly to Pseudo-second model more than Pseudo-first model. Additionally, Box-Behnken Design optimization of integrated photocatalytic and photo-Fenton activity of FeWO<sub>4</sub>/rGO21 nanocomposite showed Total Organic Carbon (TOC) efficiency of 98.01% compared to FeWO<sub>4</sub>/rGO12 with TOC degradation efficiency of 96.65% under the applied conditions of pH(4), reaction time (20&#xa0;min) and catalyst dosage (0.35&#xa0;g). FeWO<sub>4</sub>/rGO21 nanocomposite nanocomposite demonstrated superior catalytic performance than FeWO<sub>4</sub>/rGO12 nanocomposite Experimental data of the combined approach using FeWO<sub>4</sub>/rGO21 nanocomposite better fitted to Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics model more than other models. This study revealed that the effectiveness of the FeWO<sub>4</sub>/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite efficacy irrespective of the mixing ratios in reducing inorganic and organic pollutants in hospital wastewater.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Adsorption and Combined Photocatalytic-Photo-Fenton Behaviour of Iron Tungstate-Reduced Graphene oxide Nanocomposite for Hospital Wastewater Treatment: Box-Behnken Design Optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • O. J. Ajala,
  • J. O. Tijani,
  • A. S. Abdulkareem,
  • R. B. Salau,
  • O. S. Aremu,
  • D. Onwudiwe,
  • T. C. Egbosiuba

摘要

In this work, Iron Tungstate (FeWO4) immobilized with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite at different weight mixing ratios has been synthesized, characterized and employed as nanoadsorbent, photocatalyst and photo-Fenton-like agent for the removal of selected heavy metals and water indicator parameters in hospital wastewater. The FeWO4 nanoparticle was synthesized via sol–gel method using sodium tungstate and iron sulphate. The rGO nanoparticle was synthesized via chemical vapour method while the nanocomposite was synthesis via one pot impregnation method. The findings indicated that iron tungstate-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (FeWO4/rGO) with weight mixing ratio (2:1) demonstrated the excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic (sunlight radiation) activities for the removal of selected heavy metals and water indicator parameters respectively. Characterization results revealed that immobilization of rGO onto FeWO4 nanoparticle influenced the band gap, crystalline size surface area, and not phase change. The maximum removal efficiency of the specified heavy metal ions are as follows: lead (70.04%), cadmium (80.95%), copper (89.92%), nickel (90.47%), and chromium (98.22%) at the adsorbent dose of 0.1 g, contact time of 120 min, and a stirring speed of 200 revolutions per minute. The adsorption data adheres strictly to Pseudo-second model more than Pseudo-first model. Additionally, Box-Behnken Design optimization of integrated photocatalytic and photo-Fenton activity of FeWO4/rGO21 nanocomposite showed Total Organic Carbon (TOC) efficiency of 98.01% compared to FeWO4/rGO12 with TOC degradation efficiency of 96.65% under the applied conditions of pH(4), reaction time (20 min) and catalyst dosage (0.35 g). FeWO4/rGO21 nanocomposite nanocomposite demonstrated superior catalytic performance than FeWO4/rGO12 nanocomposite Experimental data of the combined approach using FeWO4/rGO21 nanocomposite better fitted to Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics model more than other models. This study revealed that the effectiveness of the FeWO4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite efficacy irrespective of the mixing ratios in reducing inorganic and organic pollutants in hospital wastewater.

Graphical Abstract