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<p>The introduction of microbial inoculant has potential to enhance the vermicomposting process of organic wastes, yet the synergistic mechanism between microbial inoculant and earthworms in sewage sludge vermicomposting remains unclear. Herein, a native <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (<i>B. cereus</i>) strain C3 was isolated from naturally stacked sewage sludge. Four treatments were established: sludge without any addition (CK), sludge supplemented with the <i>B. cereus</i> C3 (SB), sludge supplemented with the earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> (SE), and sludge supplemented with both the earthworms and <i>B. cereus</i> C3 (SEB). Inoculation with <i>B. cereus</i> C3 significantly reduced pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and urease activity in the resulting vermicompost, while increasing total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium levels and boosting earthworm weight by 13.20%. The addition of <i>B. cereus</i> C3 lead to marked increase in the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes in the compost and vermicompost of&#xa0;SB (23% increase) and SEB (24% increase) groups, which was primarily attributed to the increased relative abundance of the genera unclassified Lachnospiraceae and <i>Lactobacillus</i>. Bacterial taxa involved in carbohydrate degradation (<i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Bacteroides</i>, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, norank Muribaculaceae, <i>Flavobacterium</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, and <i>Brevundimonas</i>) were enriched in the vermicompost of&#xa0;SEB group, exhibiting a 5.97% higher abundance than the SE group. Notably, <i>Lactobacillus</i>, norank Muribaculaceae, and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> appeared beneficial to earthworms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the carbohydrate metabolism in the SEB group was enhanced by 20.50% compared to the SE group. Canonical correspondence analysis identified pH as the key factor influencing earthworm growth and bacterial community composition. This study highlights <i>B. cereus</i> C3 as a promising microbial inoculant in sludge vermicomposting and provided a deeper understanding on the synergistic mechanism between microbial inoculant and earthworms.</p>

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Bacillus Cereus C3 Addition Facilitates Carbohydrate Degradation and Earthworm Growth During Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludge

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Tiantian Tian,
  • Xinge Cui,
  • Wenxing He,
  • Keyu Liu,
  • Jiran Zhang,
  • Shimin Zhang,
  • Xitian Yang,
  • Kun Wu,
  • Xianqin Jiao,
  • Shuxia Xu

摘要

The introduction of microbial inoculant has potential to enhance the vermicomposting process of organic wastes, yet the synergistic mechanism between microbial inoculant and earthworms in sewage sludge vermicomposting remains unclear. Herein, a native Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) strain C3 was isolated from naturally stacked sewage sludge. Four treatments were established: sludge without any addition (CK), sludge supplemented with the B. cereus C3 (SB), sludge supplemented with the earthworm Eisenia fetida (SE), and sludge supplemented with both the earthworms and B. cereus C3 (SEB). Inoculation with B. cereus C3 significantly reduced pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and urease activity in the resulting vermicompost, while increasing total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium levels and boosting earthworm weight by 13.20%. The addition of B. cereus C3 lead to marked increase in the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes in the compost and vermicompost of SB (23% increase) and SEB (24% increase) groups, which was primarily attributed to the increased relative abundance of the genera unclassified Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus. Bacterial taxa involved in carbohydrate degradation (Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, norank Muribaculaceae, Flavobacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Brevundimonas) were enriched in the vermicompost of SEB group, exhibiting a 5.97% higher abundance than the SE group. Notably, Lactobacillus, norank Muribaculaceae, and Bifidobacterium appeared beneficial to earthworms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the carbohydrate metabolism in the SEB group was enhanced by 20.50% compared to the SE group. Canonical correspondence analysis identified pH as the key factor influencing earthworm growth and bacterial community composition. This study highlights B. cereus C3 as a promising microbial inoculant in sludge vermicomposting and provided a deeper understanding on the synergistic mechanism between microbial inoculant and earthworms.