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<p>In this work, a feasible conversion of mangosteen peel (MP) waste into mesoporous sulfonated hydrochar (SMP-HC) via hydrothermal assisted sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) activation was carried out. The hydrothermal activation process was assisted by 1M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for 14 h at 100 <sup>0</sup>C to produce SMP-HC. The specific surface area (BET SA) analysis shows a mesoporous structure of SMP-HC with remarkable increase of ca. 576 folds (BET SA = 14,4 (m<sup>2</sup>/g) as compared to the raw MP (0.025 m<sup>2</sup>/g). Thus, SMP-HC was utilized to be a promising adsorbent for removal of toxic cationic dye namely methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous environment. Box-Behnken design (BBD) with desirability function was applied to optimize and validate the adsorption working parameters including SMP-HC dosage (coded A:0.02–01 g/0.1L), solution pH (coded B: 4–10), and contact time (coded C:2–8 min). The optimal desirability function conditions for MB dye removal (97.5%) by SMP-HC were found to be SMP-HC dose = 0.07 g/0.1L, solution pH = 9.9, and contact time = 8 min. The maximum adsorption capacity (<i>q</i><sub>m</sub>) of SMP-HC for MB dye was found to be 203.5 mg/g at 25 <sup>0</sup>C. The loading of MB dye onto SMP-HC surface can be attributed to the several possible attractions including electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. This research shows the possibility of MP waste conversion into functionalized hydrochar with preferable adsorptive performance towards MB dye removal from the contaminated water.</p>

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Mesoporous Sulfonated Hydrochar from Garcinia Mangostana L Peel for Fast and Effective Methylene Blue Dye Removal: Hydrothermal Activation and Adsorption Statistical Optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Raja Razuan,
  • Ali H. Jawad,
  • Aina Adriana,
  • Hazierul F. Awang,
  • Zeid A. ALOthman,
  • Lee D. Wilson

摘要

In this work, a feasible conversion of mangosteen peel (MP) waste into mesoporous sulfonated hydrochar (SMP-HC) via hydrothermal assisted sulfuric acid (H2SO4) activation was carried out. The hydrothermal activation process was assisted by 1M H2SO4 for 14 h at 100 0C to produce SMP-HC. The specific surface area (BET SA) analysis shows a mesoporous structure of SMP-HC with remarkable increase of ca. 576 folds (BET SA = 14,4 (m2/g) as compared to the raw MP (0.025 m2/g). Thus, SMP-HC was utilized to be a promising adsorbent for removal of toxic cationic dye namely methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous environment. Box-Behnken design (BBD) with desirability function was applied to optimize and validate the adsorption working parameters including SMP-HC dosage (coded A:0.02–01 g/0.1L), solution pH (coded B: 4–10), and contact time (coded C:2–8 min). The optimal desirability function conditions for MB dye removal (97.5%) by SMP-HC were found to be SMP-HC dose = 0.07 g/0.1L, solution pH = 9.9, and contact time = 8 min. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of SMP-HC for MB dye was found to be 203.5 mg/g at 25 0C. The loading of MB dye onto SMP-HC surface can be attributed to the several possible attractions including electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. This research shows the possibility of MP waste conversion into functionalized hydrochar with preferable adsorptive performance towards MB dye removal from the contaminated water.