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<p>Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal found in waters from regions impacted by mining. This type of contamination can present a significant challenge to the efficiency of biological nitrogen removal processes. This study investigated the impact of Cu on two anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathways: Feammox (ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction) and Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation). Batch experiments using enriched cultures from both processes were conducted under controlled Cu concentrations (0, 4, 8, and 10&#xa0;mg/L), and Feammox was analyzed under two carbon sources (acetate and bicarbonate). Anammox showed stable NH₄⁺ removal (~ 50%) at all Cu concentrations, although NO₂⁻ accumulation at higher Cu levels indicated potential stress. In contrast, Feammox was more sensitive to Cu, particularly in terms of Fe<sup>3+&#xa0;</sup>reduction and Fe<sup>2+</sup> accumulation, where acetate promoted greater activity than bicarbonate. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of key microorganisms associated with Feammox processes, such as Albidiferax ferrireducens, Acidimicrobium, Geobacter spp., Shewanella spp., as well as Anammox bacteria. Similarly, nitrogen cycle-related genes also remained detectable under moderate copper concentrations. These results indicate that while both processes can operate under moderate copper concentrations, Feammox was more susceptible to inhibition. These findings contribute to understanding the resistance and limitations of biological N removal in Cu-contaminated wastewater, allowing for the development of more robust and efficient treatment strategies.</p>

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Effects of Copper Concentrations on Nitrogen Removal through Anammox-derived Feammox Supplemented with Organic Carbon

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Macarena González,
  • Carolina Rodríguez,
  • Christian González,
  • Jennyfer Serrano,
  • Eduardo Leiva

摘要

Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal found in waters from regions impacted by mining. This type of contamination can present a significant challenge to the efficiency of biological nitrogen removal processes. This study investigated the impact of Cu on two anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathways: Feammox (ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction) and Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation). Batch experiments using enriched cultures from both processes were conducted under controlled Cu concentrations (0, 4, 8, and 10 mg/L), and Feammox was analyzed under two carbon sources (acetate and bicarbonate). Anammox showed stable NH₄⁺ removal (~ 50%) at all Cu concentrations, although NO₂⁻ accumulation at higher Cu levels indicated potential stress. In contrast, Feammox was more sensitive to Cu, particularly in terms of Fe3+ reduction and Fe2+ accumulation, where acetate promoted greater activity than bicarbonate. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of key microorganisms associated with Feammox processes, such as Albidiferax ferrireducens, Acidimicrobium, Geobacter spp., Shewanella spp., as well as Anammox bacteria. Similarly, nitrogen cycle-related genes also remained detectable under moderate copper concentrations. These results indicate that while both processes can operate under moderate copper concentrations, Feammox was more susceptible to inhibition. These findings contribute to understanding the resistance and limitations of biological N removal in Cu-contaminated wastewater, allowing for the development of more robust and efficient treatment strategies.