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<p>The pyrolysis of palm waste offers a sustainable alternative to the open burning of over 1.1 million tons of biomass annually, while simultaneously producing biochar and value-added chemicals. Among these products, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are particularly attractive as biodiesel precursors derived from the thermal conversion of lipid-containing biomass. In this study, the influence of key operational factors—pyrolysis temperature, feeding rate, and nitrogen atmosphere—was systematically evaluated to optimize FAME and biochar yields. The pyrolytic products were characterized using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Thermal analysis showed that the presence of nitrogen enhanced FAME production and improved the thermal stability of biochar, while increasing the temperature decreased FAME formation but promoted aromatic compounds. Morphological observations revealed the development of more crystalline, porous biochar structures at higher temperatures under nitrogen flow. GC–MS analysis indicated that the highest yields of FAMEs and functional biochar were achieved at 450 °C, likely via in-situ methylation of triglycerides facilitated by lignin methoxy groups.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters And Biochar via Pyrolysis of Palm oil Biomass: an Experimental Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Zahra Hamidzadeh,
  • Bijan Yeganeh,
  • Payam Ghorbannezhad

摘要

The pyrolysis of palm waste offers a sustainable alternative to the open burning of over 1.1 million tons of biomass annually, while simultaneously producing biochar and value-added chemicals. Among these products, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are particularly attractive as biodiesel precursors derived from the thermal conversion of lipid-containing biomass. In this study, the influence of key operational factors—pyrolysis temperature, feeding rate, and nitrogen atmosphere—was systematically evaluated to optimize FAME and biochar yields. The pyrolytic products were characterized using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Thermal analysis showed that the presence of nitrogen enhanced FAME production and improved the thermal stability of biochar, while increasing the temperature decreased FAME formation but promoted aromatic compounds. Morphological observations revealed the development of more crystalline, porous biochar structures at higher temperatures under nitrogen flow. GC–MS analysis indicated that the highest yields of FAMEs and functional biochar were achieved at 450 °C, likely via in-situ methylation of triglycerides facilitated by lignin methoxy groups.

Graphical Abstract