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<p>The remediation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil was investigated through the application of persulfate activated by heterogeneous catalysis in column experiments. Three column setups were utilized to activate persulfate (45&#xa0;g/L) over a 2-h continuous injection period at a rate of 3.5&#xa0;mL/min. Pollutant removal efficiencies were higher near the injection source in all three setups. The method of catalyst application significantly affected phenanthrene removal. The permeable reactive barrier (PRB) was found to be the most effective treatment strategy due to proximity of the activation region to the contaminated area. Multivariable analyses indicated that lower inlet flow rates and higher persulfate concentrations contributed to increased phenanthrene degradation. It was noted that the impact of persulfate concentration in continuous column experiments is less pronounced than in batch mode, as radicals are generated continuously in the column setup. Thus, the influence of persulfate concentration is more evident in batch experiments than in those conducted in a column. Moreover, the effects of various parameters on phenanthrene degradation increased with the distance from the contamination to the activation zone. Phytotoxicity assessments were carried out using lettuce, cress, and sunflower to confirm the nontoxicity of the soil after the PRB treatment. Lettuce and cress seeds were found to be effective indicators for evaluating phenanthrene toxicity, whereas sunflower seeds showed insensitivity to the contaminant. The treatment of soil using the PRB configuration significantly reduced phenanthrene toxicity, making it suitable for subsequent revegetation efforts.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Activated Persulfate Under Flow-Through Conditions for the Treatment of Phenanthrene-Contaminated Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • José Daladiê Barreto da Costa-Filho,
  • Gabriela Paupitz Mendes,
  • Domingos Fabiano de Santana Souza,
  • Celyna Káritas Oliveira da Silva-Rackov,
  • Claudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento,
  • Osvaldo Chiavone-Filho

摘要

The remediation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil was investigated through the application of persulfate activated by heterogeneous catalysis in column experiments. Three column setups were utilized to activate persulfate (45 g/L) over a 2-h continuous injection period at a rate of 3.5 mL/min. Pollutant removal efficiencies were higher near the injection source in all three setups. The method of catalyst application significantly affected phenanthrene removal. The permeable reactive barrier (PRB) was found to be the most effective treatment strategy due to proximity of the activation region to the contaminated area. Multivariable analyses indicated that lower inlet flow rates and higher persulfate concentrations contributed to increased phenanthrene degradation. It was noted that the impact of persulfate concentration in continuous column experiments is less pronounced than in batch mode, as radicals are generated continuously in the column setup. Thus, the influence of persulfate concentration is more evident in batch experiments than in those conducted in a column. Moreover, the effects of various parameters on phenanthrene degradation increased with the distance from the contamination to the activation zone. Phytotoxicity assessments were carried out using lettuce, cress, and sunflower to confirm the nontoxicity of the soil after the PRB treatment. Lettuce and cress seeds were found to be effective indicators for evaluating phenanthrene toxicity, whereas sunflower seeds showed insensitivity to the contaminant. The treatment of soil using the PRB configuration significantly reduced phenanthrene toxicity, making it suitable for subsequent revegetation efforts.

Graphical Abstract