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<p>This research investigated the stability, combustion, and emission characteristics of various biodiesel-diesel blends and further examined the same characteristics for Zinc oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 75&#xa0;mg/L suspended in Coconut biodiesel (B20) using a cationic and a non-ionic surfactant. Non-ionic surfactant-stabilized nano fuels exhibit enhanced stability compared to cationic surfactant. This difference is attributed to the stabilization mechanism where non-ionic surfactants create a physically protective barrier around the nanoparticles using bulky polymer chains, which effectively prevent them from aggregating. Combustion characteristics were improved in B20 + ZnO 75&#xa0;mg/L + TWEEN 80 75&#xa0;mg/L blend, determining 7.46% increase in Cylinder Pressure at 380° CA which is ATDC and enhanced Net Heat Release Rate by 9.52% at full load when compared to diesel fuel. Combustion analysis revealed that biodiesel blends with nano additives offer significant environmental benefits, particularly reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter. The non-ionic surfactant-based biodiesel blends achieved a 28.57%, 46.80%, 41.42%, 39.28%, and 21.53% reduction in CO, UHC, Smoke Opacity, Soot formation and NO<sub>x</sub> when compared to neat diesel at full load. To predict emissions, higher-order polynomial regression models were applied. The study found that CO emissions were best described by a 4th-order polynomial (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95). UHC followed a 2nd-order trend (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92), while smoke opacity required a 5th-order polynomial (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97). Soot and NOx emissions were effectively modelled using 3rd-order equations (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96 and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98, respectively). These models provide a better understanding of the non-linear relationship between fuel characteristics and engine performance.</p>

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Coconut Biodiesel Optimization: A Polynomial Approach to Nano-Additive Effects on Stability, Combustion, and Emissions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Pala Srinivasa Reddy,
  • Mangu Venkata Krishna Mohan,
  • Putti Venkata Siva Teja

摘要

This research investigated the stability, combustion, and emission characteristics of various biodiesel-diesel blends and further examined the same characteristics for Zinc oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 75 mg/L suspended in Coconut biodiesel (B20) using a cationic and a non-ionic surfactant. Non-ionic surfactant-stabilized nano fuels exhibit enhanced stability compared to cationic surfactant. This difference is attributed to the stabilization mechanism where non-ionic surfactants create a physically protective barrier around the nanoparticles using bulky polymer chains, which effectively prevent them from aggregating. Combustion characteristics were improved in B20 + ZnO 75 mg/L + TWEEN 80 75 mg/L blend, determining 7.46% increase in Cylinder Pressure at 380° CA which is ATDC and enhanced Net Heat Release Rate by 9.52% at full load when compared to diesel fuel. Combustion analysis revealed that biodiesel blends with nano additives offer significant environmental benefits, particularly reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter. The non-ionic surfactant-based biodiesel blends achieved a 28.57%, 46.80%, 41.42%, 39.28%, and 21.53% reduction in CO, UHC, Smoke Opacity, Soot formation and NOx when compared to neat diesel at full load. To predict emissions, higher-order polynomial regression models were applied. The study found that CO emissions were best described by a 4th-order polynomial (R2 = 0.95). UHC followed a 2nd-order trend (R2 = 0.92), while smoke opacity required a 5th-order polynomial (R2 = 0.97). Soot and NOx emissions were effectively modelled using 3rd-order equations (R2 = 0.96 and R2 = 0.98, respectively). These models provide a better understanding of the non-linear relationship between fuel characteristics and engine performance.