Distribution, Sources and Risks of Environmental Radioactivity in Differential Environmental Components: Experimental Findings with Potential Environmental Management Approaches
摘要
Inter-connected differential environmental samples (agricultural soil, fertilizer, forest soil, road-dust, and industrial-zone soil) were studied in terms of primordial radionuclides (NORMs: 226Ra (≈23⁸U), 232Th, and 40 K) to study their contamination scenario, the mechanistic pathways of NORMs-distribution, radiological risks, and potential remediation approaches. High purity germanium detector-based measurements reveal that mean activity concentrations (Bq.kg−1) of agricultural soil (226Ra (≈23⁸U): 71.2 ± 23.7; 232Th: 84.9 ± 26.8; 40 K: 1152 ± 74) are mostly affiliated with the administration of chemical fertilizers (226Ra (≈23⁸U): 20.6–428.4; 232Th: 12.0–57.4; 40 K: 286–16,104). However, anthropogenically unimpacted forest-soil (226Ra (≈23⁸U): 65.6 ± 18.0; 232Th: 91.3 ± 19.7; 40 K: 598 ± 127) seems to have natural background levels of NORMs which can be used to study the alterations of NORMs in anthropogenically impacted industrial-zone soils (226Ra (≈23⁸U): 89.1 ± 39.0; 232Th: 101.5 ± 25.0; 40 K: 1068 ± 122). Both naturally as well as anthropogenically impacted road-dust samples possess diversified levels of NORMs (226Ra (≈23⁸U): 36.6–50.3; 232Th: 48.0–73.1; 40 K: 635–749), which are presumably governed by the hydro-dynamic and aerodynamic fractionations. NORMs in agricultural soils and road-dust are directly affiliated with the food-cycle and respiratory systems, respectively. Concomitantly, excess life-time cancer risks (ELCR: 3.73 × 10–4 to 5.74 × 10–4 Sv−1) exceeded the prescribed limit (2.9 × 10–4 Sv−1) for all the environmental soil samples. Optimized use of fertilizers and periodical inspection of the industrial activities, along with the NORMs’-level monitoring can limit the excessive levels of NORMs in ambient environmental components. The knowledge learned from this holistic approach can help the policymakers to regulate the anthropogenic processes to limit the radiological health risks.