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<p>The antibiotics residues in aquatic environments have become a global environmental concern. However, studies focusing on their source apportionment and the influence of environmental driving factors remain limited. This study measured 50 antibiotics in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater across the Shichuan River Basin; 26 were detected, with concentrations ranging from non-detectable (ND; below the method detection limit) to 346.6, 95.0, and 424.4 nanograms per liter (ng/L) in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater, respectively. In some surface water sampling sites, the total concentration exceeded 400&#xa0;ng/L. Quinolones were widely detected in all types of water. Pearson correlation analysis, Mantel tests, and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that environmental factors such as electrical conductivity (EC), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) showed predominantly positive associations with antibiotics such as trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline. In contrast, temperature exhibited significant negative correlations with several fluoroquinolones. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling identified four primary sources of antibiotics, with farmland runoff and aquaculture/livestock farming being the dominant contributors to surface water contamination. Finally, ecological risk was assessed using the risk quotient (RQ) method, indicating that norfloxacin (NFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) pose high ecological risks to aquatic environments. This study provides a scientific basis for precise source tracking and antibiotic pollution control in the basin. To mitigate antibiotic pollution, we recommend regulating manure application during rainy periods, implementing vegetated buffers or wetlands to intercept runoff, and promoting veterinary antibiotic stewardship to curb non-therapeutic use.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Environmental Drivers and Source Apportionment of Antibiotic Pollution in Shichuan River Basin, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Mengyuan Zhang,
  • Minquan Feng,
  • Miru Zhou,
  • Qiuyu Chen

摘要

The antibiotics residues in aquatic environments have become a global environmental concern. However, studies focusing on their source apportionment and the influence of environmental driving factors remain limited. This study measured 50 antibiotics in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater across the Shichuan River Basin; 26 were detected, with concentrations ranging from non-detectable (ND; below the method detection limit) to 346.6, 95.0, and 424.4 nanograms per liter (ng/L) in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater, respectively. In some surface water sampling sites, the total concentration exceeded 400 ng/L. Quinolones were widely detected in all types of water. Pearson correlation analysis, Mantel tests, and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that environmental factors such as electrical conductivity (EC), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) showed predominantly positive associations with antibiotics such as trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline. In contrast, temperature exhibited significant negative correlations with several fluoroquinolones. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling identified four primary sources of antibiotics, with farmland runoff and aquaculture/livestock farming being the dominant contributors to surface water contamination. Finally, ecological risk was assessed using the risk quotient (RQ) method, indicating that norfloxacin (NFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) pose high ecological risks to aquatic environments. This study provides a scientific basis for precise source tracking and antibiotic pollution control in the basin. To mitigate antibiotic pollution, we recommend regulating manure application during rainy periods, implementing vegetated buffers or wetlands to intercept runoff, and promoting veterinary antibiotic stewardship to curb non-therapeutic use.

Graphical Abstract