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<p>Pharmaceutical effluents are a major source of environmental pollutant owing to improper treatment and handling. This current study evaluated the physicochemical parameters, metals, and levels of ibuprofen and metronidazole in the effluents of a pharmaceutical company in Ogun State, Nigeria. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids were determined in situ while other parameters were analyzed using standard procedures. Ibuprofen and metronidazole concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet analysis. The mean values for the effluent ranged from 1.40 ± 0.02—9.81 ± 0.04 and 6.23 ± 0.02—88.80 ± 0.30 mS/cm for pH and electrical conductivity respectively. These results were above the recommended limits set by regulatory agencies (NESREA, USEPA, and WHO). The concentration ranges of organic matter (0.29 ± 0.01—3.45 ± 0.04%), BOD (7.65 ± 0.43—22.20 ± 0.24&#xa0;mg/L) and COD (60 ± 0—88 ± 4&#xa0;mg/L) fell within the acceptable limits. Metal concentrations, including Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Ni and Zn were within acceptable limits, while As and Pb were undetected. The average concentrations of ibuprofen and metronidazole in the wastewater samples varied between. 3.98 ± 0.18—885.00 ± 1.20 and ND—19.03 ± 0.11&#xa0;µg/L respectively, while their respective concentrations in sludge samples ranged from 0.37 ± 0.02 to 301.67 ± 0.89 and ND—12.22 ±g 0.06&#xa0;ng/g. This study revealed that pharmaceutical effluent is unfit for direct discharge into the environment and advanced treatment method is recommended.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Evaluation of the Physicochemical Parameters and Occurrence of Metronidazole and Ibuprofen in Pharmaceutical Effluents Before and after Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Jubril Ayopo Tayo,
  • Temilade Fola Akinhanmi,
  • Adewole. Michael. Gbadebo,
  • Adeola David Olugbenga,
  • Abideen Idowu Adeogun,
  • Samuel Olatunbosun Sojinu

摘要

Pharmaceutical effluents are a major source of environmental pollutant owing to improper treatment and handling. This current study evaluated the physicochemical parameters, metals, and levels of ibuprofen and metronidazole in the effluents of a pharmaceutical company in Ogun State, Nigeria. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids were determined in situ while other parameters were analyzed using standard procedures. Ibuprofen and metronidazole concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet analysis. The mean values for the effluent ranged from 1.40 ± 0.02—9.81 ± 0.04 and 6.23 ± 0.02—88.80 ± 0.30 mS/cm for pH and electrical conductivity respectively. These results were above the recommended limits set by regulatory agencies (NESREA, USEPA, and WHO). The concentration ranges of organic matter (0.29 ± 0.01—3.45 ± 0.04%), BOD (7.65 ± 0.43—22.20 ± 0.24 mg/L) and COD (60 ± 0—88 ± 4 mg/L) fell within the acceptable limits. Metal concentrations, including Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Ni and Zn were within acceptable limits, while As and Pb were undetected. The average concentrations of ibuprofen and metronidazole in the wastewater samples varied between. 3.98 ± 0.18—885.00 ± 1.20 and ND—19.03 ± 0.11 µg/L respectively, while their respective concentrations in sludge samples ranged from 0.37 ± 0.02 to 301.67 ± 0.89 and ND—12.22 ±g 0.06 ng/g. This study revealed that pharmaceutical effluent is unfit for direct discharge into the environment and advanced treatment method is recommended.

Graphical Abstract