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<p>The surging global demand for ethanol as a biofuel, chemical feedstock, and potable alcohol has driven rapid growth in the distillery industry, leading to the large-scale generation of distillery industry effluent (DIE). DIE is a highly complex, dark-colored, and organically rich effluent with extreme biochemical oxygen demand (BOD: 40,000–50,000&#xa0;mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD: 80,000–100,000&#xa0;mg/L), along with endocrine disruptors, recalcitrant organics, melanoidins, phenolics, and heavy metals. The untreated discharge of such effluents causes severe aquatic toxicity, soil degradation, and significant health risks to humans and other organisms. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the sources, pollution profile, toxicological threats, and public health implications of DIE. It critically evaluates a range of treatment technologies, such as physicochemical, biological, and integrated processes, along with their efficiencies and limitations. The valorization of DIE for resource recovery is also examined, highlighting its potential to yield value-added products such as pigments, polyphenols, enzymes, biofuels, and bioplastics, thus supporting the transition toward a biocircular economy. However, industrial-scale application remains limited due to technological complexity, high costs, and insufficient pilot-scale studies.&#xa0;Therefore, this review outlines key research gaps and challenges, offering insights into future directions for the development of efficient, sustainable, and scalable DIE treatment strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable Management of Distillery Effluent: Environmental Impacts, Treatment Approaches, and Resource Recovery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月20日

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  • Himani Chandel,
  • Himanshu Srivastava,
  • Sibiraj Murugesan,
  • Gaurav Saxena,
  • Geetansh Sharma,
  • Rahul Yadav,
  • Navneet Kumar

摘要

The surging global demand for ethanol as a biofuel, chemical feedstock, and potable alcohol has driven rapid growth in the distillery industry, leading to the large-scale generation of distillery industry effluent (DIE). DIE is a highly complex, dark-colored, and organically rich effluent with extreme biochemical oxygen demand (BOD: 40,000–50,000 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD: 80,000–100,000 mg/L), along with endocrine disruptors, recalcitrant organics, melanoidins, phenolics, and heavy metals. The untreated discharge of such effluents causes severe aquatic toxicity, soil degradation, and significant health risks to humans and other organisms. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the sources, pollution profile, toxicological threats, and public health implications of DIE. It critically evaluates a range of treatment technologies, such as physicochemical, biological, and integrated processes, along with their efficiencies and limitations. The valorization of DIE for resource recovery is also examined, highlighting its potential to yield value-added products such as pigments, polyphenols, enzymes, biofuels, and bioplastics, thus supporting the transition toward a biocircular economy. However, industrial-scale application remains limited due to technological complexity, high costs, and insufficient pilot-scale studies. Therefore, this review outlines key research gaps and challenges, offering insights into future directions for the development of efficient, sustainable, and scalable DIE treatment strategies.

Graphical Abstract