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<p>This study explores the valorization of soybean residue by converting it into H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–activated carbon for the removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from water. Biochars were prepared via calcination at 500&#xa0;°C and modified by H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> activation. Systematic characterization (BET surface area, SEM/EDX, pH<sub>pzc</sub>) was conducted, and the adsorption experiments were optimized using Response Surface Methodology with Box–Behnken Design (RSM‑BBD). The optimized adsorbent, with a biochar/H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> ratio of 1:4 (SRAC04), exhibited a high surface area (756.49 m<sup>2</sup>/g), low pH<sub>pzc</sub> (5.8), and removal efficiency of 96% with maximum adsorption capacity of 153.57&#xa0;mg/g at pH 2. The use of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> in the activation process of soybean residue biochar can provide the adsorbent with a notably high surface area and an acidic surface, which help enhance Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. Adsorption followed pseudo‑second‑order kinetics and conformed to both Langmuir and Freundlich models, indicating coexisting monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Recyclability remained effective up to three cycles. This work demonstrates an efficient and sustainable approach to convert soybean processing waste into a cost‑effective adsorbent for Cr(VI) remediation, offering promise for practical wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Soybean-residue-derived H3PO4-activated Carbon For High-Efficiency Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium: Optimization, Characterization, and Adsorption Mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月24日

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  • My Linh Nguyen,
  • Hoang Long Ngo,
  • Bao Nguyen Truong,
  • Thanh Tung Nguyen

摘要

This study explores the valorization of soybean residue by converting it into H3PO4–activated carbon for the removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from water. Biochars were prepared via calcination at 500 °C and modified by H3PO4 activation. Systematic characterization (BET surface area, SEM/EDX, pHpzc) was conducted, and the adsorption experiments were optimized using Response Surface Methodology with Box–Behnken Design (RSM‑BBD). The optimized adsorbent, with a biochar/H3PO4 ratio of 1:4 (SRAC04), exhibited a high surface area (756.49 m2/g), low pHpzc (5.8), and removal efficiency of 96% with maximum adsorption capacity of 153.57 mg/g at pH 2. The use of H3PO4 in the activation process of soybean residue biochar can provide the adsorbent with a notably high surface area and an acidic surface, which help enhance Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. Adsorption followed pseudo‑second‑order kinetics and conformed to both Langmuir and Freundlich models, indicating coexisting monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Recyclability remained effective up to three cycles. This work demonstrates an efficient and sustainable approach to convert soybean processing waste into a cost‑effective adsorbent for Cr(VI) remediation, offering promise for practical wastewater treatment applications.