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<p>This study evaluates arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater and its subsequent accumulation in the soil–water-rice system in central Brahmaputra plain. Groundwater samples (n = 40) from shallow tube wells revealed maximum As concentrations 200&#xa0;µg L⁻<sup>1</sup>, with 41% samples exceeding the WHO limit (10 µgL<sup>−1</sup>). Corresponding soil samples showed low background As levels (458.01- 628.15&#xa0;µg Kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), indicating groundwater-irrigation as a primary source of surface enrichment. Rice grains, husk, straw and root samples were detected with average As concentration of 103.24&#xa0;µg Kg<sup>−1</sup>, 357.54&#xa0;µg Kg<sup>−1</sup>, 624.61&#xa0;µg Kg<sup>−1</sup> and 786.83&#xa0;µg Kg<sup>−1</sup> respectively. Grain As concentration in some cases exceeds the FAO/WHO safety threshold (0.2&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>). Single factor contamination index indicated that 29 irrigation water samples were low and 6 were moderately contaminated. Ecological Risk Index (Er) values were below 40 in all samples, classifying groundwater-related As exposure as low ecological risk. However, Severity-Adjusted Margin of Exposure (SAMOE) analysis revealed that 41% of samples posed high health concern, with the remainder under moderate concern. Human health risk assessments demonstrated that average daily doses (ADD) from ingestion and dermal routes frequently exceeded reference thresholds, especially among females. Carcinogenic risk values surpassed USEPA limits (1 × 10⁻⁶), with dermal pathways accounting for a greater burden. Non-carcinogenic risk, as quantified by hazard index (HI), exceeded 1 in 31 male and 29 female cases, indicating substantial long-term exposure risk. As the first report documenting As levels in rice grains from Assam, this research provides a crucial baseline for future health and agricultural policy interventions in As-affected regions of the Brahmaputra basin.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Groundwater to Grain and Gut: Tracking Arsenic Pathways in Water-Soil-Paddy System and Health Risk Assessment in the Brahmaputra Plain, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Ritusmita Goswami,
  • Nikita Neog

摘要

This study evaluates arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater and its subsequent accumulation in the soil–water-rice system in central Brahmaputra plain. Groundwater samples (n = 40) from shallow tube wells revealed maximum As concentrations 200 µg L⁻1, with 41% samples exceeding the WHO limit (10 µgL−1). Corresponding soil samples showed low background As levels (458.01- 628.15 µg Kg⁻1), indicating groundwater-irrigation as a primary source of surface enrichment. Rice grains, husk, straw and root samples were detected with average As concentration of 103.24 µg Kg−1, 357.54 µg Kg−1, 624.61 µg Kg−1 and 786.83 µg Kg−1 respectively. Grain As concentration in some cases exceeds the FAO/WHO safety threshold (0.2 mg kg⁻1). Single factor contamination index indicated that 29 irrigation water samples were low and 6 were moderately contaminated. Ecological Risk Index (Er) values were below 40 in all samples, classifying groundwater-related As exposure as low ecological risk. However, Severity-Adjusted Margin of Exposure (SAMOE) analysis revealed that 41% of samples posed high health concern, with the remainder under moderate concern. Human health risk assessments demonstrated that average daily doses (ADD) from ingestion and dermal routes frequently exceeded reference thresholds, especially among females. Carcinogenic risk values surpassed USEPA limits (1 × 10⁻⁶), with dermal pathways accounting for a greater burden. Non-carcinogenic risk, as quantified by hazard index (HI), exceeded 1 in 31 male and 29 female cases, indicating substantial long-term exposure risk. As the first report documenting As levels in rice grains from Assam, this research provides a crucial baseline for future health and agricultural policy interventions in As-affected regions of the Brahmaputra basin.

Graphical Abstract