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<p>Anthropogenic activities severely degrade water quality and cause environmental pollution that threatens the quality of limited water resources. Water Quality Indices (WQIs) have been widely utilized to simplify datasets, and their evolution from traditional to advanced methods requires a systematic analysis to guide effective application. A comprehensive review of WQIs, systematic analysis of the WQI progression—from conventional indices to advanced&#xa0;statistical, machine learning, and artificial intelligence methods. Our key findings detail the genesis, background, leverage, and applications of these tools to manage dynamic water quality challenges, providing valuable insights for policy-makers through a systematic lens. The proposed platform supports decision-makers of lakes and reservoirs in selecting efficient and cost-effective models. Optimized monitoring strategies, policies, pollution control, and adoption of advanced WQIs deliver significant reductions in operational costs and eliminate redundant testing while maintaining protection standards. This review paves the way for designing more robust and globally applicable water quality assessment tools.</p>

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Lakes and Reservoir Water Quality Indices: Evolution, Applications, and Future Directions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Elham Ebrahimi Sarindizaj,
  • Mohammad Reza Nikoo

摘要

Anthropogenic activities severely degrade water quality and cause environmental pollution that threatens the quality of limited water resources. Water Quality Indices (WQIs) have been widely utilized to simplify datasets, and their evolution from traditional to advanced methods requires a systematic analysis to guide effective application. A comprehensive review of WQIs, systematic analysis of the WQI progression—from conventional indices to advanced statistical, machine learning, and artificial intelligence methods. Our key findings detail the genesis, background, leverage, and applications of these tools to manage dynamic water quality challenges, providing valuable insights for policy-makers through a systematic lens. The proposed platform supports decision-makers of lakes and reservoirs in selecting efficient and cost-effective models. Optimized monitoring strategies, policies, pollution control, and adoption of advanced WQIs deliver significant reductions in operational costs and eliminate redundant testing while maintaining protection standards. This review paves the way for designing more robust and globally applicable water quality assessment tools.