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<p>Heavy metal contamination, particularly hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), poses severe environmental and health risks due to its high toxicity, mobility, and solubility in water. Conventional remediation methods such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and chemical precipitation are often costly, energy-intensive, and generate hazardous by-products. In contrast, microbial bioremediation offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative for Cr(VI) detoxification. This review comprehensively examines recent advancements in microbial strategies for Cr(VI) removal, focusing on biosorption, bioaccumulation, and enzymatic reduction mechanisms employed by bacteria, fungi, and algae. Key operational parameters—including pH, temperature, contact time, biomass concentration, and the presence of co-contaminants—are critically analyzed to optimize biosorption efficiency. Microbial strains such as&#xa0;<i>Bacillus</i>&#xa0;spp.,&#xa0;<i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and&#xa0;<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>&#xa0;demonstrate high Cr(VI) removal efficiency through surface binding, intracellular uptake, and enzymatic reduction to the less toxic Cr(III) form. Despite promising laboratory results, challenges remain in scaling these processes for industrial applications, including variability in real wastewater matrices and long-term stability of microbial consortia. The review underscores the need for integrated approaches combining microbial remediation with physicochemical methods and highlights the importance of pilot-scale studies to bridge the gap between experimental findings and practical implementation. Future research should focus on genetic engineering, hybrid treatment systems, and economic feasibility assessments to enhance the scalability and sustainability of microbial Cr(VI) remediation technologies.</p>

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Microbial Strategies for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Wastewater: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月4日

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  • Anupama Mahajan,
  • Paavan Singhal,
  • Sushma Negi,
  • Raman Kumar,
  • Vivek Sheel Jaswal,
  • Ahmed A. Ibrahim,
  • Ahmad Umar,
  • Sotirios Baskoutas

摘要

Heavy metal contamination, particularly hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), poses severe environmental and health risks due to its high toxicity, mobility, and solubility in water. Conventional remediation methods such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and chemical precipitation are often costly, energy-intensive, and generate hazardous by-products. In contrast, microbial bioremediation offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative for Cr(VI) detoxification. This review comprehensively examines recent advancements in microbial strategies for Cr(VI) removal, focusing on biosorption, bioaccumulation, and enzymatic reduction mechanisms employed by bacteria, fungi, and algae. Key operational parameters—including pH, temperature, contact time, biomass concentration, and the presence of co-contaminants—are critically analyzed to optimize biosorption efficiency. Microbial strains such as Bacillus spp., Aspergillus niger, and Chlorella vulgaris demonstrate high Cr(VI) removal efficiency through surface binding, intracellular uptake, and enzymatic reduction to the less toxic Cr(III) form. Despite promising laboratory results, challenges remain in scaling these processes for industrial applications, including variability in real wastewater matrices and long-term stability of microbial consortia. The review underscores the need for integrated approaches combining microbial remediation with physicochemical methods and highlights the importance of pilot-scale studies to bridge the gap between experimental findings and practical implementation. Future research should focus on genetic engineering, hybrid treatment systems, and economic feasibility assessments to enhance the scalability and sustainability of microbial Cr(VI) remediation technologies.