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<p>In this work, WO<sub>3</sub>/CAU-17 (WC) composites with compositions of 10, 20, and 30 wt% were synthesized using the solvothermal method, followed by a calcination step. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy with dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen physisorption, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis/DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the WC materials under UV–Vis radiation (322.8 W/m<sup>2</sup>) was evaluated using 0.5&#xa0;g/L of catalyst in the degradation of a mixture of 10&#xa0;mg/L of moxifloxacin (MOXI) and levofloxacin (LEVO), evaluating the effects of solution pH (4, 6.5, and 9) and CAU-17 amount incorporated into the WO<sub>3</sub>. The optimal conditions were achieved by incorporating 10 wt% of CAU-17 into WO<sub>3</sub>, resulting in the complete degradation of the MOXI and LEVO solution at pH 9 within 210&#xa0;min. The photocatalytic efficiency of the WO<sub>3</sub>/CAU-17 10 wt% catalyst was assessed over three reuse cycles, demonstrating consistent performance with less than 5% variation in degradation efficiency. Although the photocatalytic activity of WC 10% was better than that displayed by WO<sub>3</sub>, its specific surface area was lower (10.57 m<sup>2</sup>/g) than that of WO<sub>3</sub> (28.06 m<sup>2</sup>/g), indicating that higher degradation of the mixture of antibiotics in a shorter reaction time was attributed to the low e<sup>−</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> pair recombination rate. The&#xa0;superoxide radicals&#xa0;(O<sub>2</sub>•−) played a significant role in the&#xa0;photocatalytic degradation of the selected fluoroquinolones&#xa0;using&#xa0;WC 10% composite.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synthesis and Characterization of WO3/CAU-17 Composite and its Photocatalytic Activity Evaluation in the Degradation of a Fluoroquinolone Mixture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Yarelys Campos-Rovira,
  • Reba Ambriz-Cisneros,
  • Laura Hinojosa-Reyes,
  • María de Lourdes Maya-Treviño,
  • Jorge Luis Guzmán-Mar

摘要

In this work, WO3/CAU-17 (WC) composites with compositions of 10, 20, and 30 wt% were synthesized using the solvothermal method, followed by a calcination step. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy with dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen physisorption, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis/DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the WC materials under UV–Vis radiation (322.8 W/m2) was evaluated using 0.5 g/L of catalyst in the degradation of a mixture of 10 mg/L of moxifloxacin (MOXI) and levofloxacin (LEVO), evaluating the effects of solution pH (4, 6.5, and 9) and CAU-17 amount incorporated into the WO3. The optimal conditions were achieved by incorporating 10 wt% of CAU-17 into WO3, resulting in the complete degradation of the MOXI and LEVO solution at pH 9 within 210 min. The photocatalytic efficiency of the WO3/CAU-17 10 wt% catalyst was assessed over three reuse cycles, demonstrating consistent performance with less than 5% variation in degradation efficiency. Although the photocatalytic activity of WC 10% was better than that displayed by WO3, its specific surface area was lower (10.57 m2/g) than that of WO3 (28.06 m2/g), indicating that higher degradation of the mixture of antibiotics in a shorter reaction time was attributed to the low e−/h+ pair recombination rate. The superoxide radicals (O2•−) played a significant role in the photocatalytic degradation of the selected fluoroquinolones using WC 10% composite.

Graphical Abstract