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<p>Quinoline and indole, typical N-heterocyclic compounds (NHCs), exhibit poor biodegradation efficiency due to their structural complexity and recalcitrance. This study evaluated temperature-dependent characteristics of Chinese cabbage garbage enzyme (GE) and the potential to enhance the degradation of the compounds. The results showed that stable acid accumulation can be obtained after short-term fermentation. Lactic acid and acetic acid were the main products in the GE. 25℃ and 35℃ were more conducive to acid accumulation than 45℃. The GE supplementation (6%, pH 7) alleviated the inhibitory effect of indole and quinoline on heterotrophic nitrifier consortium, achieving 96.55% indole and 43.15% quinoline degradation, and the removal efficiencies of TOC and TN reached 82.47% and 81.10%, respectively. GC–MS analysis indicated that the incomplete mineralization of the two NHCs was the main cause of residual TOC. The GE changed the microbial community structure, and increased the abundance of denitrification, hydrocarbon degradation and downstream metabolic pathways in xenobiotics degradation. The results demonstrated that the GE not only acts as a co-metabolic substrate, its active ingredients also play a vital role in promoting the biodegradation of NHCs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Characteristics of the Garbage Enzyme of Chinese Cabbage and its Role in the Degradation of the N-Heterocyclic Compounds by a Heterotrophic Nitrifier

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月2日

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  • Yuxiang Liu,
  • Ruyu Tang,
  • Lijie Wu,
  • Yuxia Li,
  • Xiaojiao Chen

摘要

Quinoline and indole, typical N-heterocyclic compounds (NHCs), exhibit poor biodegradation efficiency due to their structural complexity and recalcitrance. This study evaluated temperature-dependent characteristics of Chinese cabbage garbage enzyme (GE) and the potential to enhance the degradation of the compounds. The results showed that stable acid accumulation can be obtained after short-term fermentation. Lactic acid and acetic acid were the main products in the GE. 25℃ and 35℃ were more conducive to acid accumulation than 45℃. The GE supplementation (6%, pH 7) alleviated the inhibitory effect of indole and quinoline on heterotrophic nitrifier consortium, achieving 96.55% indole and 43.15% quinoline degradation, and the removal efficiencies of TOC and TN reached 82.47% and 81.10%, respectively. GC–MS analysis indicated that the incomplete mineralization of the two NHCs was the main cause of residual TOC. The GE changed the microbial community structure, and increased the abundance of denitrification, hydrocarbon degradation and downstream metabolic pathways in xenobiotics degradation. The results demonstrated that the GE not only acts as a co-metabolic substrate, its active ingredients also play a vital role in promoting the biodegradation of NHCs.

Graphical Abstract