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<p>Monoclinic zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) and Sn/Pt doped or co-doped zirconia (Pt@ZrO<sub>2</sub>, Sn@ZrO<sub>2</sub>, Sn/Pt@ZrO<sub>2</sub>) were prepared through a microwave-assisted protocol. The synthesized materials were characterized and tested for their ability to degrade Acid Yellow 76 (AY-76) under UV (blue) and visible (green) light. TEM and HRTEM analysis were performed to investigate particle size, lattice spacing and elemental mapping. It was observed that lattice fringes of ZrO<sub>2</sub> show alteration by incorporation of metals (Sn, Pt and both) due to defect phenomena, which is responsible for enhancing photocatalysis. SEM micrographs showed that ZrO<sub>2</sub> particles has a smooth morphology. Fluctuation in the rate of photo-degradation of AY-76 with different reaction parameters were investigated. The results indicated that, under optimal reaction conditions; substrate solution (10&#xa0;mL), concentration (10&#xa0;ppm), catalyst (0.15&#xa0;g), pH (6–8), oxidant (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 2&#xa0;mL), stirring (1200&#xa0;rpm), time (90&#xa0;min) and temperature 333&#xa0;K, Sn/Pt@ZrO<sub>2</sub> demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity towards AY-76 degradation. Experimental data showed best fit to first order kinetic model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9422) with apparent rate constant 2.3 × 10<sup>–3</sup>&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, DFT simulations and experiments confirmed the reduction in the band gap energy (E<sub>g</sub>) of ZrO<sub>2</sub> with doping of Sn and Pt, which enhanced its photocatalytic activity. Overall, the findings offer insight into the potential use of synthesized catalysts as a more effective alternative to prevailing wastewater treatment processes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Investigating the Effect of Sn and Pt Doping and Co-doping on the Photocatalytic Efficiency of Zirconia for Degradation of Acid Yellow-76

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月18日

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  • Mian Hussain Shah,
  • Saima Sadiq,
  • Umar Wahab,
  • Inam Ullah,
  • Sardar Hussain,
  • Nasr Ullah,
  • Safiullah Khan,
  • Zaffar Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Ismail,
  • Aadil Nabi Chishti,
  • Muhammad Sadiq

摘要

Monoclinic zirconia (ZrO2) and Sn/Pt doped or co-doped zirconia (Pt@ZrO2, Sn@ZrO2, Sn/Pt@ZrO2) were prepared through a microwave-assisted protocol. The synthesized materials were characterized and tested for their ability to degrade Acid Yellow 76 (AY-76) under UV (blue) and visible (green) light. TEM and HRTEM analysis were performed to investigate particle size, lattice spacing and elemental mapping. It was observed that lattice fringes of ZrO2 show alteration by incorporation of metals (Sn, Pt and both) due to defect phenomena, which is responsible for enhancing photocatalysis. SEM micrographs showed that ZrO2 particles has a smooth morphology. Fluctuation in the rate of photo-degradation of AY-76 with different reaction parameters were investigated. The results indicated that, under optimal reaction conditions; substrate solution (10 mL), concentration (10 ppm), catalyst (0.15 g), pH (6–8), oxidant (H2O2: 2 mL), stirring (1200 rpm), time (90 min) and temperature 333 K, Sn/Pt@ZrO2 demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity towards AY-76 degradation. Experimental data showed best fit to first order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9422) with apparent rate constant 2.3 × 10–3 min−1. Furthermore, DFT simulations and experiments confirmed the reduction in the band gap energy (Eg) of ZrO2 with doping of Sn and Pt, which enhanced its photocatalytic activity. Overall, the findings offer insight into the potential use of synthesized catalysts as a more effective alternative to prevailing wastewater treatment processes.

Graphical Abstract