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<p>The need for efficient and eco-friendly solutions to remove pharmaceutical contaminants from water highlights the potential of biomass-derived adsorbents. This study explores a biosorbent derived from discarded Jujuba (<i>Ziziphus mauritiana</i>) seeds, chemically activated with ZnCl<sub>2</sub>, to remove carnitine (CAR) from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties and adsorption mechanism of the biosorbent were characterized using PSD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, BET and TEM, confirming its porous structure, surface area (156 m2/g), functional groups, and elemental composition. The adsorption process was optimized using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and predicted with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), targeting variables like pH, JJB dosage, initial CAR concentration, and temperature. Under optimal conditions (pH 5.09, JJB dosage 2.14&#xa0;g/L, CAR concentration 20.86&#xa0;ppm, and temperature 21.43&#xa0;°C), a maximum adsorption efficiency of 98.25% was achieved. The ANN model showed higher predictive accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99) than the RSM model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97). Kinetic analysis indicated pseudo-second-order adsorption (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9993), while equilibrium data best fit the Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9667), with a maximum CAR adsorption capacity of 162.56&#xa0;mg/g. Thermodynamic studies confirmed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of adsorption. Additionally, the biosorbent retained substantial adsorption capacity over six regeneration cycles. This study supports Jujuba biosorbent as an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly option for removing pharmaceutical pollutants from water.</p>

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Biosorptive Removal of Pharmaceutical Contaminants using Jujuba Seeds for Sustainable Water Pollution Mitigation: Mechanistic and Modeling Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月23日

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  • Arunkumar Nagappan,
  • Sivarajasekar N,
  • Rambabu Krishnamoorthy,
  • Cheng Chin Kui

摘要

The need for efficient and eco-friendly solutions to remove pharmaceutical contaminants from water highlights the potential of biomass-derived adsorbents. This study explores a biosorbent derived from discarded Jujuba (Ziziphus mauritiana) seeds, chemically activated with ZnCl2, to remove carnitine (CAR) from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties and adsorption mechanism of the biosorbent were characterized using PSD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, BET and TEM, confirming its porous structure, surface area (156 m2/g), functional groups, and elemental composition. The adsorption process was optimized using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and predicted with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), targeting variables like pH, JJB dosage, initial CAR concentration, and temperature. Under optimal conditions (pH 5.09, JJB dosage 2.14 g/L, CAR concentration 20.86 ppm, and temperature 21.43 °C), a maximum adsorption efficiency of 98.25% was achieved. The ANN model showed higher predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.99) than the RSM model (R2 = 0.97). Kinetic analysis indicated pseudo-second-order adsorption (R2 = 0.9993), while equilibrium data best fit the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9667), with a maximum CAR adsorption capacity of 162.56 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies confirmed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of adsorption. Additionally, the biosorbent retained substantial adsorption capacity over six regeneration cycles. This study supports Jujuba biosorbent as an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly option for removing pharmaceutical pollutants from water.