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<p>MXenes are a family of 2D materials, gaining popularity in various fields of life due to their potential applications. Toxicology study on MXene related to water systems with algae has not yet been conducted. Stress response of <i>S.&#xa0;quadricauda,</i> a reliable bioindicator for freshwater bodies in terms of changes in algal growth, photosynthetic pigments, protein thiol group, and morphology were monitored by varying MXene concentrations (0.0001–10&#xa0;mg/l). The results revealed a relatively low toxicity on the algal specific growth rate (SGR) of up to 0.1&#xa0;mg/l MXene, but at higher concentrations, the SGR observed was significantly higher. It is proposed that the reason for this anomaly is that MXene, like other 2D nanomaterials, tends to form agglomerates with algae in the media confirmed by microscopic images demonstrating agglomeration of coenobium. Changes in the protein thiol groups were stable, indicating moderately higher oxidative stress, but the decrease in photosynthetic pigment production was significant even at the lowest applied MXene (0.001&#xa0;mg/l). The correlation matrix showed an insignificant MXene toxicity. Upon exposure to even the lowest MXene concentration 0.0001&#xa0;mg/l, increase in cell size and flagella shortening was noted. Higher concentrations resulted in cell agglomeration, shading effect, cell damage, change in coenobium structure, and even cell death. It is presumed that this agglomeration was the main reason for MXene toxicity, inhibiting light and nutrients, decreasing the growth and pigments, especially at higher concentrations. As algae and MXene are potential candidates for water bioremediation, making this toxicity assessment more relevant and needed.</p>

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Toxicity Assessment of MXene in Scenedesmus quadricauda Physicochemical Parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Ammara Nawaz,
  • Marianna Molnárová,
  • Vipul Vilas Kusumkar,
  • Michal Galamboš,
  • Shalu Atri,
  • Olivier Monfort,
  • Agáta Fargašová

摘要

MXenes are a family of 2D materials, gaining popularity in various fields of life due to their potential applications. Toxicology study on MXene related to water systems with algae has not yet been conducted. Stress response of S. quadricauda, a reliable bioindicator for freshwater bodies in terms of changes in algal growth, photosynthetic pigments, protein thiol group, and morphology were monitored by varying MXene concentrations (0.0001–10 mg/l). The results revealed a relatively low toxicity on the algal specific growth rate (SGR) of up to 0.1 mg/l MXene, but at higher concentrations, the SGR observed was significantly higher. It is proposed that the reason for this anomaly is that MXene, like other 2D nanomaterials, tends to form agglomerates with algae in the media confirmed by microscopic images demonstrating agglomeration of coenobium. Changes in the protein thiol groups were stable, indicating moderately higher oxidative stress, but the decrease in photosynthetic pigment production was significant even at the lowest applied MXene (0.001 mg/l). The correlation matrix showed an insignificant MXene toxicity. Upon exposure to even the lowest MXene concentration 0.0001 mg/l, increase in cell size and flagella shortening was noted. Higher concentrations resulted in cell agglomeration, shading effect, cell damage, change in coenobium structure, and even cell death. It is presumed that this agglomeration was the main reason for MXene toxicity, inhibiting light and nutrients, decreasing the growth and pigments, especially at higher concentrations. As algae and MXene are potential candidates for water bioremediation, making this toxicity assessment more relevant and needed.