The extensive use of reactive dyes in many different industries causes the discharge of hazardous chemicals into textile effluent, which needs to be treated because it contains harmful elements. The aim of present study employs the sol–gel method to produce ZnO, TiO2, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles for dye degradation, with Streptomyces sp.-NPA11-mediated nanoparticles being investigated by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM analysis. The biosynthesized ZnO, TiO2, and Fe3O4 exhibit maximum UV absorption at 320, 380, and 480 nm, respectively. The functional group confirmation of produced nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO2, Fe3O4) spectrum between 3402, 3412, and 3526 cm-1 contains amides and corresponds to the N–H shifting in hydroxyl groups, which is connected with phenol. The crystalline structure of ZnO, TiO2, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD analysis. ZnO nanoparticles had an average crystallite size of 30 ± 5 nm, while TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles had estimated crystallite sizes of 12.7–13 nm and 10–20 nm, respectively, according to the Debye–Scherrer equation. FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis revealed spherical, rod-shaped NPs with particle sizes ranging from 35 ± 5 nm for ZnO, 12.7–13 nm for TiO2, and 10–20 nm for Fe3O4. The total protein content during laccase enzyme analysis was estimated as 250 µg/mL and the molecules weight of the produced Laccase enzyme 48 kDa. The microbial toxicity investigation found that the raw reactive red dye was harmful to soil microorganisms, with an inhibition zone of 18–20 mm, but its byproducts of breakdown were not harmful. Decolorized dye solution exhibited no inhibition, indicating that degradation neutralizes the dye's toxicity. The decolourization capacity of the synthesized NPs is estimated against Reactive red 2 dye under sunlight. In this study, approximately 82–95% of degradation was observed, when treated with ZnO based nano catalysts. Analysis of FT-IR analysis of control and its degraded products also shown the same functional peaks with shifting of stretches and bends. Toxicological investigations in Allium cepa root cells treated with the dye and its degradation derivatives found that, whereas the RR 2 dye produced genotoxic stress, the destroyed dye products had no significant genotoxic impacts. The toxicity of the control dye and degraded products were confirmed with soil microorganisms, seed germination, phytotoxicity of plant on Vigna radiata and onion root assay. The present investigation enhances the multifunctional properties of metal nanoparticles produced first-hand information from Streptomyces sp. NPA11, opening up novel prospects for environmental remediation approaches.

Biogenic Nanoparticles for Efficient Degradation of Reactive Dye Pollutants: A Streptomyces sp.-NPA11 Mediated Approach

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发表日期：

2025年7月27日

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Thangavel Shanmugasundaram,
Krishna Kadirvelu,
Manikkam Radhakrishnan,
Venugopal Gopikrishnan,
Chinnasamy Ragavendran

摘要

The extensive use of reactive dyes in many different industries causes the discharge of hazardous chemicals into textile effluent, which needs to be treated because it contains harmful elements. The aim of present study employs the sol–gel method to produce ZnO, TiO₂, and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for dye degradation, with Streptomyces sp.-NPA11-mediated nanoparticles being investigated by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM analysis. The biosynthesized ZnO, TiO₂, and Fe₃O₄ exhibit maximum UV absorption at 320, 380, and 480 nm, respectively. The functional group confirmation of produced nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₃O₄) spectrum between 3402, 3412, and 3526 cm-1 contains amides and corresponds to the N–H shifting in hydroxyl groups, which is connected with phenol. The crystalline structure of ZnO, TiO₂, and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD analysis. ZnO nanoparticles had an average crystallite size of 30 ± 5 nm, while TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles had estimated crystallite sizes of 12.7–13 nm and 10–20 nm, respectively, according to the Debye–Scherrer equation. FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis revealed spherical, rod-shaped NPs with particle sizes ranging from 35 ± 5 nm for ZnO, 12.7–13 nm for TiO₂, and 10–20 nm for Fe₃O₄. The total protein content during laccase enzyme analysis was estimated as 250 µg/mL and the molecules weight of the produced Laccase enzyme 48 kDa. The microbial toxicity investigation found that the raw reactive red dye was harmful to soil microorganisms, with an inhibition zone of 18–20 mm, but its byproducts of breakdown were not harmful. Decolorized dye solution exhibited no inhibition, indicating that degradation neutralizes the dye's toxicity. The decolourization capacity of the synthesized NPs is estimated against Reactive red 2 dye under sunlight. In this study, approximately 82–95% of degradation was observed, when treated with ZnO based nano catalysts. Analysis of FT-IR analysis of control and its degraded products also shown the same functional peaks with shifting of stretches and bends. Toxicological investigations in Allium cepa root cells treated with the dye and its degradation derivatives found that, whereas the RR 2 dye produced genotoxic stress, the destroyed dye products had no significant genotoxic impacts. The toxicity of the control dye and degraded products were confirmed with soil microorganisms, seed germination, phytotoxicity of plant on Vigna radiata and onion root assay. The present investigation enhances the multifunctional properties of metal nanoparticles produced first-hand information from Streptomyces sp. NPA11, opening up novel prospects for environmental remediation approaches.