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<p>Nickel (Ni) mobility in sandy soils may pose a significant threat to food security and agricultural sustainability. Cytokinin application can alleviate metal uptake effects, while clay amendments can restrict metal mobility in sandy soils. The current study explored the single or combined effects of bentonite (BN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BP) on wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) growth, antioxidant responses, Ni uptake, bioavailability and immobilization in a contaminated sandy soil. The results showed that Ni stress lowered grain yield by about 49%, while enhanced Ni uptake and DTPA-availability. Compared to BN alone, BP and BN + BP treatments were more effective in reducing Ni-induced oxidative injury in wheat leaves by regulating catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. Under Ni stress, the most significant reduction in Ni concentration in shoot (-75%) and grain (-80%) came from combined application of BN + BP treatment. This reduction in Ni harvest index and uptake can be attributed to an increased Ni immobilization index, resulting from amendment-induced increases in soil alkalinity and pH buffering capacity compared to the unamended control. This study proposes combined BN + BP treatment as an integrated approach to enhance wheat growth, productivity and Ni stabilization in a Ni-contaminated sandy soil.</p>

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Integration of Clay and Cytokinin Improves Wheat Yield by Restricting Nickel Uptake and Mobility in Sandy Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月28日

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  • Muhammad Farooq,
  • Muhammad Riaz,
  • Birhanu Iticha,
  • Zaffar Malik,
  • Aasma Parveen,
  • Muhammad Rizwan,
  • Muhammad Kamran

摘要

Nickel (Ni) mobility in sandy soils may pose a significant threat to food security and agricultural sustainability. Cytokinin application can alleviate metal uptake effects, while clay amendments can restrict metal mobility in sandy soils. The current study explored the single or combined effects of bentonite (BN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BP) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, antioxidant responses, Ni uptake, bioavailability and immobilization in a contaminated sandy soil. The results showed that Ni stress lowered grain yield by about 49%, while enhanced Ni uptake and DTPA-availability. Compared to BN alone, BP and BN + BP treatments were more effective in reducing Ni-induced oxidative injury in wheat leaves by regulating catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. Under Ni stress, the most significant reduction in Ni concentration in shoot (-75%) and grain (-80%) came from combined application of BN + BP treatment. This reduction in Ni harvest index and uptake can be attributed to an increased Ni immobilization index, resulting from amendment-induced increases in soil alkalinity and pH buffering capacity compared to the unamended control. This study proposes combined BN + BP treatment as an integrated approach to enhance wheat growth, productivity and Ni stabilization in a Ni-contaminated sandy soil.