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<p>Azo dyes in water pose a significant threat to both aquatic life and human health due to their potential toxicity, as well as their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Consequently, it is crucial to employ effective water treatment methods to eliminate these harmful substances. This work investigated&#xa0;the application of low-frequency ultrasonic waves (26&#xa0;kHz) to the degradation of an azo dye (Alizarin Yellow GG) in a liquid medium<b>.</b> It examined the&#xa0;influence of different factors on the colorant decomposition, such as the applied ultrasonic power, the acoustic treatment duration, initial dye concentration, studied solution pH, and the sonotrode immersion depth of the sonicator. Also, experiments focusing on the impact of different mineral salts, the presence of various alcohols in the dye solution, and ultrasound irradiation in the presence of bivalent iron (sono-Fenton) were carried out. According to the obtained results, it was discovered that the increase in acoustic power from 40 to 130 W leads to an enhanced dye decomposition, and it turned out that the reaction followed second-order kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99). In examining the effect of sonication duration, it was found that the highest percentage of dye removal reached 78%, which occurred after 5&#xa0;hours of treatment at a power setting of 90 W. The acidic conditions of the irradiated medium (especially at pH 3) and the lower solute concentrations (such as 5&#xa0;mg/L) contributed significantly to obtaining the best elimination efficiencies of the azo compound. In addition, except for sodium sulfate, the sonodegradation is effective in a salt-free environment. Nevertheless, the existence of alcohol in the dye solution remarkably hindered the ultrasonic decomposition process. On the other hand, the acoustic treatment in the presence of iron played a beneficial role during the reaction and was considerably superior to the individual ultrasound system not only in terms of dye removal efficiency but also in terms of energy consumption. Moreover, a possible reaction mechanism related to Alizarin Yellow GG dye decomposition was proposed and discussed based on the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC–MS) analysis.</p>

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Study of the Ultrasonic Decomposition of Alizarin Yellow GG Azo Dye in Aqueous Medium: Influence of Operating Parameters and Inorganic ions, Kinetic Study and Identification of Degradation Products

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Mohamed Amine Aboulfadile,
  • Meriem Sandaoui,
  • Sanae El Ghachtouli,
  • Mohammed Azzi,
  • Zaina Zaroual

摘要

Azo dyes in water pose a significant threat to both aquatic life and human health due to their potential toxicity, as well as their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Consequently, it is crucial to employ effective water treatment methods to eliminate these harmful substances. This work investigated the application of low-frequency ultrasonic waves (26 kHz) to the degradation of an azo dye (Alizarin Yellow GG) in a liquid medium. It examined the influence of different factors on the colorant decomposition, such as the applied ultrasonic power, the acoustic treatment duration, initial dye concentration, studied solution pH, and the sonotrode immersion depth of the sonicator. Also, experiments focusing on the impact of different mineral salts, the presence of various alcohols in the dye solution, and ultrasound irradiation in the presence of bivalent iron (sono-Fenton) were carried out. According to the obtained results, it was discovered that the increase in acoustic power from 40 to 130 W leads to an enhanced dye decomposition, and it turned out that the reaction followed second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). In examining the effect of sonication duration, it was found that the highest percentage of dye removal reached 78%, which occurred after 5 hours of treatment at a power setting of 90 W. The acidic conditions of the irradiated medium (especially at pH 3) and the lower solute concentrations (such as 5 mg/L) contributed significantly to obtaining the best elimination efficiencies of the azo compound. In addition, except for sodium sulfate, the sonodegradation is effective in a salt-free environment. Nevertheless, the existence of alcohol in the dye solution remarkably hindered the ultrasonic decomposition process. On the other hand, the acoustic treatment in the presence of iron played a beneficial role during the reaction and was considerably superior to the individual ultrasound system not only in terms of dye removal efficiency but also in terms of energy consumption. Moreover, a possible reaction mechanism related to Alizarin Yellow GG dye decomposition was proposed and discussed based on the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC–MS) analysis.