<p>Soil acidification limits the sustainable development of agroecosystems globally, heavy metal hazards will be further amplified in acidic soils. However, few studies have been reported on the effects of bacteria on the growth of vegetable crops in heavy metal-contaminated acidic soils. Thus, this study investigated the effect of a pre-screened strain of heavy metal-resistant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (OPDB3-6–1) on the physicochemical properties, heavy metal fraction composition, growth of <i>Brassica rapa var. chinensis</i> L. (<i>siyueman</i>), antioxidant enzyme activities, and heavy metal enrichment capacity of heavy metal contaminated acidic soils. The results showed that OPDB3-6–1 improved the acidic soil and elevated soil AP and AK contents, optimizing the soil microenvironment. OPDB3-6–1 reduced the malondialdehyde content in plants, and increased the chlorophyll content of <i>siyueman</i>, thus alleviating the oxidative stress of heavy metals on <i>siyueman</i> and improving the photosynthetic efficiency, which further promoted the growth of <i>siyueman</i> and the accumulation of biomass. In addition, OPDB3-6–1 altered soil heavy metal fractions, inhibited the enrichment of heavy metals in <i>siyueman.</i> Compared with the CK, OPDB3-6–1 reduced the contents of Pb, Cu, and Cd in the edible part of <i>siyueman</i> by 41.96%, 39.30%, and 37.50%, respectively. In summary, the results of this study confirmed that OPDB3-6–1 played a positive role in soil improvement, plant growth, anti-oxidative stress, and inhibition of heavy metal accumulation. Consequently, OPDB3-6–1 can be used as an effective remediation measure for heavy metal-contaminated acidic soils to promote the sustainable development of heavy metal-contaminated farmland and the safe production of vegetable crops.</p>