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Abstract <p>The urban areas of Iran, particularly Isfahan City, are significantly affected by air pollution. Isfahan’s core area contains multiple small urban parks where surface dust provides valuable insights into the presence of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs). Dust samples collected from the corners of hard concrete pavements at the central points of 73 well-distributed parks (mean area: 8.38 ± 0.11&#xa0;ha) were found to be contaminated with Ni (34.17 ± 7.58), Pb (30.22 ± 3.34), Zn (125.73 ± 34.47), and Cd (1.15 ± 0.40). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed on a large number of spatial and physicochemical variables to reduce their dimensionality, resulting in six primary components related to park vegetation, annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, the organic carbon content of the samples, and the percentage area of nearby residential zones. The use of the Generalized Additive Model indicated that four PTEs—Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd (0.39 &lt; R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0.63)—are less likely to accumulate in park surface dust in areas with dense, leafy vegetation during summer. A robust positive correlation was also modeled between PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels and the concentrations of Pb and Ni. The study concludes that a combination of factors influences the concentration of PTEs in the dust of Isfahan’s parks, with each factor contributing differently to the levels of various PTEs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Surface Dust Contamination in Small Urban Parks: The Role of Spatial and Physicochemical Drivers in Toxic Elements Accumulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月2日

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  • Mahdi Jalalpoor,
  • Atefeh Chamani,
  • Soheil Sobhanardakani,
  • Bahareh Lorestani

摘要

Abstract

The urban areas of Iran, particularly Isfahan City, are significantly affected by air pollution. Isfahan’s core area contains multiple small urban parks where surface dust provides valuable insights into the presence of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs). Dust samples collected from the corners of hard concrete pavements at the central points of 73 well-distributed parks (mean area: 8.38 ± 0.11 ha) were found to be contaminated with Ni (34.17 ± 7.58), Pb (30.22 ± 3.34), Zn (125.73 ± 34.47), and Cd (1.15 ± 0.40). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed on a large number of spatial and physicochemical variables to reduce their dimensionality, resulting in six primary components related to park vegetation, annual mean PM2.5 concentration, the organic carbon content of the samples, and the percentage area of nearby residential zones. The use of the Generalized Additive Model indicated that four PTEs—Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd (0.39 < R2 < 0.63)—are less likely to accumulate in park surface dust in areas with dense, leafy vegetation during summer. A robust positive correlation was also modeled between PM2.5 levels and the concentrations of Pb and Ni. The study concludes that a combination of factors influences the concentration of PTEs in the dust of Isfahan’s parks, with each factor contributing differently to the levels of various PTEs.

Graphical Abstract