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<p>Lead (Pb (II)), a notoriously carcinogenic heavy metal, poses grave threats to human health and the environment. Synthesized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/biochar composites, prepared using an eco-friendly approach, underwent rigorous characterization via various analytical techniques including X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Then, we investigated the effectiveness of core–shell structured iron oxide composites, with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles as the core and biochar from agricultural residues as the shell, in removing Pb (II) from water by batch adsorption testing. Our findings revealed synthesized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/biochar composites with an impressive adsorption capacity (q<sub>m</sub>) of 125.23&#xa0;mg/g. The capacity was determined by a series of controlled studies, in which the composites successfully reduced Pb (II) levels by over 98%, starting with an initial concentration of 10&#xa0;ppm. The adsorption efficiency was confirmed by examining equilibrium data and comparing it to recognized adsorption isotherms, demonstrating the composites potential in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/biochar composites effectively adsorb Pb (II) ions through surface interactions and complexation processes, utilizing (Fe–O) binding sites and oxygen-containing groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed these mechanisms, revealing changes in chemical states and the formation of Pb–O bonds upon adsorption, thus holds tremendous potential for the efficient removal of Pb (II) from water. Our study could pave the way for ensuring access to clean water, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and healthier lifestyle.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Fabrication of Fe3O4/Biochar Composites for Effective Lead (II) Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月3日

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  • Waziri Rafiullah,
  • Xinya Liu,
  • Jinze Xu,
  • Muhammad Afsar Khan,
  • Xiyang Zheng,
  • Xiao Ge,
  • Xiaozhi Wang

摘要

Lead (Pb (II)), a notoriously carcinogenic heavy metal, poses grave threats to human health and the environment. Synthesized Fe3O4/biochar composites, prepared using an eco-friendly approach, underwent rigorous characterization via various analytical techniques including X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Then, we investigated the effectiveness of core–shell structured iron oxide composites, with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as the core and biochar from agricultural residues as the shell, in removing Pb (II) from water by batch adsorption testing. Our findings revealed synthesized Fe3O4/biochar composites with an impressive adsorption capacity (qm) of 125.23 mg/g. The capacity was determined by a series of controlled studies, in which the composites successfully reduced Pb (II) levels by over 98%, starting with an initial concentration of 10 ppm. The adsorption efficiency was confirmed by examining equilibrium data and comparing it to recognized adsorption isotherms, demonstrating the composites potential in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, Fe3O4/biochar composites effectively adsorb Pb (II) ions through surface interactions and complexation processes, utilizing (Fe–O) binding sites and oxygen-containing groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed these mechanisms, revealing changes in chemical states and the formation of Pb–O bonds upon adsorption, thus holds tremendous potential for the efficient removal of Pb (II) from water. Our study could pave the way for ensuring access to clean water, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and healthier lifestyle.

Graphical Abstract