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<p>The excessive and irrational use of various antibiotics and pesticides in livestock and agricultural production has raised concerns about aquatic ecosystem contamination, as these xenobiotics pose significant risks to non-target organisms, including cyanobacteria. Erythromycin (ERY) and thiophanate-methyl (TM) generate oxidative stress and photosynthesis inhibition, producing toxic effects on algal cells. However, the toxic effects of the combined pollution of ERY and TM on spirulina are still unknown. Therefore, this study comprehensively explored the effects of ERY (200 µg L<sup>−1</sup>) and/ or TM (20 µg L<sup>−1</sup>) on growth, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, and primary biomacromolecules of freshwater cyanobacteria spirulina (<i>Arthrospira platensis)</i>. Results revealed that the co-contamination of ERY and TM reduced the spirulina biomass by 39% and chlorophyll pigments by 60%, whereas triggered the hydrogen peroxide production in spirulina by 117%. The toxicity and oxidative injury caused by the co-contamination of (ERY + TM) in spirulina were more significant than those caused by a single contamination of ERY and TM. Under combined (ERY + TM) exposure, the antioxidant response of spirulina in terms of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) was downregulated by 70, 73, and 77%, respectively. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was upregulated by 139%, and there was a significant accumulation of primary bio-macromolecules (proteins and lipids) upon exposure to the combined application of ERY and TM, suggesting the activation of xenobiotics detoxification system and biochemical adaptations mechanisms in spirulina to counter the toxic effects of xenobiotics. Moreover, molecular docking analysis showed that the TM binds to APX and POD with a binding energy of -7.7 and -7.6 kcal/mol, respectively, whereas the ERY demonstrates a higher affinity for GST, with a binding energy of -7.9 kcal/mol. This study sheds light on the combined toxicity of ERY and TM and reveals detoxification mechanisms through the upregulation of GST and biomacromolecules to counter the xenobiotic effect of spirulina. This study provides a basis for assessing ecotoxicological risks of xenobiotics on aquatic organisms.</p>

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Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Erythromycin and Thiophanate-Methyl on Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Spirulina (Arthrospira Platensis)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月7日

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  • Nabil Touzout,
  • Hichem Tahraoui,
  • Sabrina Lekmine,
  • Takia Benchidi,
  • Malika Bouchibane,
  • Iftikhar Ahmad,
  • Adil Mihoub,
  • Hamza Moussa,
  • Subhan Danish,
  • Abdeltif Amrane

摘要

The excessive and irrational use of various antibiotics and pesticides in livestock and agricultural production has raised concerns about aquatic ecosystem contamination, as these xenobiotics pose significant risks to non-target organisms, including cyanobacteria. Erythromycin (ERY) and thiophanate-methyl (TM) generate oxidative stress and photosynthesis inhibition, producing toxic effects on algal cells. However, the toxic effects of the combined pollution of ERY and TM on spirulina are still unknown. Therefore, this study comprehensively explored the effects of ERY (200 µg L−1) and/ or TM (20 µg L−1) on growth, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, and primary biomacromolecules of freshwater cyanobacteria spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). Results revealed that the co-contamination of ERY and TM reduced the spirulina biomass by 39% and chlorophyll pigments by 60%, whereas triggered the hydrogen peroxide production in spirulina by 117%. The toxicity and oxidative injury caused by the co-contamination of (ERY + TM) in spirulina were more significant than those caused by a single contamination of ERY and TM. Under combined (ERY + TM) exposure, the antioxidant response of spirulina in terms of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) was downregulated by 70, 73, and 77%, respectively. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was upregulated by 139%, and there was a significant accumulation of primary bio-macromolecules (proteins and lipids) upon exposure to the combined application of ERY and TM, suggesting the activation of xenobiotics detoxification system and biochemical adaptations mechanisms in spirulina to counter the toxic effects of xenobiotics. Moreover, molecular docking analysis showed that the TM binds to APX and POD with a binding energy of -7.7 and -7.6 kcal/mol, respectively, whereas the ERY demonstrates a higher affinity for GST, with a binding energy of -7.9 kcal/mol. This study sheds light on the combined toxicity of ERY and TM and reveals detoxification mechanisms through the upregulation of GST and biomacromolecules to counter the xenobiotic effect of spirulina. This study provides a basis for assessing ecotoxicological risks of xenobiotics on aquatic organisms.