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<p>This study assessed the health impacts and influencing factors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban environments using both deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation) risk assessments. VOC concentrations were monitored hourly at five Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) across Seoul from August 2020 to July 2023. Among 56 measured VOCs, 18 compounds with established toxicological values (e.g., reference concentration, inhalation unit risk) were selected for detailed analysis. Results indicated non-carcinogenic hazard quotients (HQs) and excess carcinogenic risks (ECRs) were below the thresholds (HQ &lt; 1, ECR &lt; 1.0E-05) at all monitoring sites, although the highest TECR reached 1.0E-06 at JN. Sensitivity analysis revealed that body weight (BW) contributed most significantly (approximately 31–38%) to the hazard index (HI), while among non-carcinogenic VOCs, n-nonane had the highest contribution (up to 23% at JN). For Total Excess Cancer Risk (TECR), benzene was the dominant contributor at GJ, GR, and BHS (up to 41% at GR), whereas exposure duration was the most influential factor at GS and JN. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated vehicle exhaust and fuel evaporation as major emission sources, although their contributions varied spatially. These findings underscore the importance of developing targeted emission reduction strategies that incorporate local emission characteristics and population vulnerabilities rather than solely focusing on reducing ambient VOCs.</p>

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Estimation of Potentially Toxic Substances and Health Risks in VOCs in Urban Areas of Seoul

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Shin-Young Park,
  • Hyeok Jang,
  • Kwang-rae Kim,
  • Hyun-ju Ha,
  • Yuri Choi,
  • Seung-mi Kwon,
  • Yongsuk Choi,
  • Ju-Sung Park,
  • Cheol-Min Lee

摘要

This study assessed the health impacts and influencing factors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban environments using both deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation) risk assessments. VOC concentrations were monitored hourly at five Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) across Seoul from August 2020 to July 2023. Among 56 measured VOCs, 18 compounds with established toxicological values (e.g., reference concentration, inhalation unit risk) were selected for detailed analysis. Results indicated non-carcinogenic hazard quotients (HQs) and excess carcinogenic risks (ECRs) were below the thresholds (HQ < 1, ECR < 1.0E-05) at all monitoring sites, although the highest TECR reached 1.0E-06 at JN. Sensitivity analysis revealed that body weight (BW) contributed most significantly (approximately 31–38%) to the hazard index (HI), while among non-carcinogenic VOCs, n-nonane had the highest contribution (up to 23% at JN). For Total Excess Cancer Risk (TECR), benzene was the dominant contributor at GJ, GR, and BHS (up to 41% at GR), whereas exposure duration was the most influential factor at GS and JN. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated vehicle exhaust and fuel evaporation as major emission sources, although their contributions varied spatially. These findings underscore the importance of developing targeted emission reduction strategies that incorporate local emission characteristics and population vulnerabilities rather than solely focusing on reducing ambient VOCs.